Greater India
The Indian subcontinent has been occupied by humans for
an extremely long time, and its history is exceedingly complex. Never in
all history has absolutely all of what might be considered Indian territory
been unified under a single authority; the British Raj (1878-1948) has
perhaps come closer than any other in this regard. Modern India, while
not covering all the territory of its predecessor, is nevertheless a powerful
and influential state, not only in Asia but in the world at large.
GREATER INDIAA
general survey of empires spanning much, if not all, of the subcontinent
of southern Asia. Local states will be found below, in their own section.
-
Between about 1400 BCE and around 800 BCE, the Indian
subcontinent saw a succession of invasive waves of Aryan peoples, migrating
southeast out of Central Asia. No single, all-encompassing empire took
shape immediately, but as the earlier inhabitants of the region (the Dravidians)
were pushed ever southward, numerous states emerged from the Indus Valley
to the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems, and extending south into the
Deccan Plateau. Among these states were Gandhara, Kurut, Kosala, Magadha,
Avanti, Bhoja, and Andhra, among many others. One of the smaller states,
located north of the Ganges and approaching the Himalayas (the modern India/Nepal
frontier) was Sakya, the homeland of Gautama Buddha. Eventually, large
empires did emerge, the first to do so was the Mauryan Empire...
-
MAURYA
-
Chandragupta Maurya.........................c. 320-c. 300
-
Bindusara...................................c. 300-c. 273
-
Asoka Vardhana..............................c. 273-c. 232
-
Kunala (in the West)........................c.
232-c. 225 with...
-
Dasaratha (in the East).....................c.
232-c. 225
-
Samprati....................................c. 225- ?
-
Saliska........................................fl. late 3rd c.
-
Devadharma.....................................fl. late 3rd c.
-
Satamdhanu.....................................fl. early 2nd c.
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Brihadratha.................................c. 194-187
-
The Mauryan state swiftly lost cohesion, and was
replaced by lesser territories. Two of the largest and most stable were
the core of the Mauryan Empire, Magadha, located
in the central Ganges plain, and Satavahana,
in the central Deccan and the south. But by the 1st century BCE, the Indian
subcontinent was a mass of lesser states with no pretensions to Imperial
status. Not until the 3rd century CE did another large state emerge - like
the Mauryans, from Magadha. At its greatest extent, the Gupta Empire covered
all of Northern India, from the Indus to the Bengal Delta, but it could
not subdue the Deccan or lands farther south...
-
GUPTA
-
Gupta.......................................c. 275-c. 300
-
Ghatotkacha.................................c. 300-c. 320
-
Chandragupta I..............................c. 320-c. 350
-
Samudragupta................................c. 350-c. 370
-
Ramagupta...................................c. 370-c. 376
-
Chandragupta II.............................c. 376-c. 415
-
Kumaragupta I...............................c. 415-c. 455
-
Skandagupta.................................c. 455-c. 467
-
Kumaragupta II..............................c. 467-c. 477
-
Budhagupta..................................c. 477-c. 495
-
Chandragupta III............................c. 495-c. 500
-
Vainyagupta.................................c. 500-c. 510
-
Narasimhagupta..............................c. 510-c. 540
-
Kumaragupta III.............................c. 540-c. 550
-
Vishnugupta.................................c. 550- ?
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PUSHPABHUTI
-
Naravardhana................................c. 500- ?
-
Rajyavardhana I
-
Adityavardhana
-
Prabhakaravardhana..........................c. 580-c. 605
-
Rajyavardhana II............................c. 605-c. 606
-
Harshavardhana..............................c. 606-647
-
Once more, the Empire crumbled, and was replaced
by lesser states. The era between about 500 CE and about 1200 CE is dominated
by three contending powers, the Pratiharas (west), the Rastrakutas (east),
and the Palas (south). Around these, a host of minor states arose, endured
for a time, and faded...
-
PRATIHARA The
Pratiharas came to power in western India and, from their capital at Kannauj,
dominated western and northern India for centuries, before being overwhelmed
in turn by the Ghurids of central Asia.
-
Nagabhata I.................................c. 750- ?
-
Devaraja
-
Vatsaraja...................................c. 783-c. 815
-
Nagabhata II................................c. 815-c. 833
-
Ramabhadra..................................c. 833-c. 836
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Bhoja I.....................................c. 836-c. 893
-
Mahendrapala I..............................c. 893-c. 914
-
Mahipala....................................c. 914- ?
-
Bhoja II
-
Vinayakapala
-
Mahendrapala II.............................c. 946-c. 948
-
Devapala....................................c. 948-c. 960
-
Vijayapala..................................c. 960- ?
-
Rajyapala
-
Trilochanapala.............................c. 1018-1030
-
This era saw the emergence of Muslim influence in
India, extending into the region from beyond the Indus River. The next
large state to hold sway was, in fact, a Muslim one: the Sultanate
of Delhi has its own entry on this page. Eventually, Delhi and almost
all the rest of India fell under a dynasty arising out of the far northwest,
the Mughals ("Mongols", from the fact that Babur was a great-great-great
grandson of Timur (Tamburlane))...
-
MUGHAL
-
Babur.........................................1526-1530
-
Humayun.......................................1530-1539 d. 1556
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SURI
-
Sher Shah.....................................1539-1545
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Islam Shah....................................1545-1553
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Firuz..............................................1553
-
Mohammed Adil.................................1553-1555 opposed by...
-
Sikandar......................................1554-1555 and...
-
Ibrahim.......................................1554-1555
-
MUGHAL
-
Humayun (restored)............................1555-1556
-
Akbar I.......................................1556-1605
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Jahangir......................................1605-1627
-
Dawar Bakhsh..................................1627-1628
-
Shah Jahan I..................................1628-1658 d. 1666 opposed
by
-
Murad Bakhsh (in Gujarat).....................1657-1658
and...
-
Shah Shuja (in Bengal)........................1657-1660
opposing...
-
Aurangzeb.....................................1658-1707
-
A'zam Shah.........................................1707
-
Bahadur Shah I................................1707-1712
-
'Azim-ush-Sha'n....................................1712
-
Jahandar Shah.................................1712-1713
-
Farrukh-Siyar.................................1713-1719
-
Rafi-ud-Darajat....................................1719
-
Shah Jahan II......................................1719
-
Nikusiyar..........................................1719
-
Mohammed Shah.................................1719-1748
-
Ahmed Shah....................................1748-1754
-
'Alamgir II...................................1754-1759
-
Shah Jahan III................................1759-1760
-
Shah Alam II..................................1760-1788 d. 1806
-
Bidar Bakht........................................1788
-
Shah Alam II (restored).......................1788-1806
-
Mohammed Akbar II.............................1806-1837
-
Bahadur Shah II...............................1837-1858 d. 1862
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To Great Britain..............................1858-1948
-
VICEROYS OF INDIA (position
established 1858)
-
Charles John Canning, Earl Canning.......1856-1862
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James Bruce, Earl of Elgin...............1862-1863
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Sir Robert Cornelis Napier (acting), 1863 d. 1890
-
Sir William Thomas Denison (acting), 1863-1864 d.
1871
-
Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence.............1864-1869
d. 1879
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Richard Southwell Bourke, Earl of Mayo...1869-1872
-
Sir John Strachey (acting), 1872
-
Francis Napier, Baron of Ettrick (acting), 1872
-
Thomas George Baring, Vct Baring of Lee..1872-1876
d.1904
-
Robert Bulwer-Lytton, Baron Lytton.......1876-1880
d. 1891
-
George Frederick Samuel Robinson, M Ripon...1880-1884
d. 1909
-
Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, E of Dufferin...1884-1888
-
Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, M of Lansdowne..1888-1894
d.1927
-
Victor Alexander Bruce, E of Elgin.......1894-1899
d. 1917
-
George Nathaniel Curzon, L Curzon........1899-1905
d. 1925
-
Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, E of Minto...1905-1910
d. 1914
-
Charles Hardinge, B Hardinge of Penshurst...1910-1916
d. 1944
-
Frederick John Napier Thesiger, B Chelmsford...1916-1921
d. 1933
-
Rufus Daniel Isaacs, B Reading of Erleigh...1921-1925
d. 1935
-
Victor Alexander George Robert Bulwer-Lytton, E of
Lytton (acting) 1925-1926 d.1947
-
Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, B Irwin...1926-1929
d. 1959
-
George Joachim Goschen, V Goschen of Hawkhurst...1929-1931
d. 1952
-
George Freeman Freeman-Thomas, L Willingdon...1931-1936
d. 1941
-
Victor Alexander John Hope, M Linlithgow.1936-1943
d. 1952
-
Archibald Percival Wavell, V Wavell......1943-1947
-
Louis Franc. Alb. Vict. Nich. Mountbatten, E
Mountbatten of Burma...1947 m. 1979
-
WELF
-
Victoria......................................1878-1901
-
WETTIN (Windsor after 1917)
-
Edward VII....................................1901-1910
-
George V......................................1910-1936
-
Edward VIII........................................1936 d. 1972
-
George VI.....................................1936-1948 d. 1952
-
Independent member of the Commonwealth........1947-1950
-
Republic......................................1950-
LOCAL STATES A
small sampling of some of the vast number of local polities to have dotted
the landscape of southern Asia. The area covered here includes the modern
nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan. Ceylon and the
Maldive Islands are located on a separate page.
AHMADNAGAR
A
successor state to the Deccan Sultanate.
-
NIZAM
-
Ahmad Shah I..................................1490-1509
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Burhan Shah I.................................1509-1553
-
Husain Shah I.................................1553-1565
-
Murtaza Shah..................................1565-1588
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Miran Husain..................................1588-1589
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Isma'il Shah..................................1589-1591
-
Burhan Shah II................................1591-1595
-
Ibrahim Shah..................................1595-1596
-
Ahmad Shah II......................................1596
-
Bahadur Shah..................................1596-1600
-
Murtaza Shah II...............................1600-1610
-
Burhan Shah III...............................1610-1631
-
Husain Shah II................................1631-1633
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1633-1713
-
To Poona thereafter...
ANJUVANNAM
(Shingly) A "pocket principality" in Cranganore, on the Malabar
Coast of southern India. Anjuvannam was created by a grant from Bhaskara
Ravivarman II, the Chera Emperor of Kerala, to Joseph Rabban, the leader
of the exceedingly ancient Malabari Jewish community. The grant was engraved
on a set of copper plates, extant to this day, which forms a charter of
royal privileges for Kerala's Jews. Some have postulated that Anjuvannam
was not a traditional territorial principality, but rather an extraterritorial
principality to which all the Jews of Kerala belonged (akin to the authority
of the Resh Galuta in the Muslim world).
-
Benei JOSEPH
-
Joseph Rabban..................................fl. c. 1000
-
??
-
Israel.......................................early 1300's
-
Nissim, a 14th century rabbi who visited Malabar,
reported seeing an "Israel King". He may have been referring to an actual
personal name, or to a generic Jewish potentate.
-
?
-
Joseph Azar....................................fl. 1341 d. c. 1370
-
Joseph Azar and his elder brother fought for control
of Anjuvannam. Their civil war brought participation by other kings, including
the rajahs of Cochin, and Anjuvannam and the Jewish privileges enjoyed
in Kerala were ultimately eliminated. Joseph Azar and his brother both
escaped to Cochin, where they established a new Jewish community. The Malabari
Jewish community continues to exist to the present day, though most of
India's Jews have emigrated to Israel and elsewhere.
ARCOT A
town strategically placed on the route between Madras and Bangalore, in
southern India. The district was the scene of much fighting in the 17th
and 18th centuries between local Moslems, Marathas, British, and
French forces.
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Within French sphere of influence..........c.
1690-1763
-
Nawabs of Arcot
-
Zulf'iqar 'Ali Khan...................c. 1690-1703
-
Da'ud Khan...............................1703-1710
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Mohammed Sa'adat-Allah Khan I............1710-1732
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Dost 'Ali Khan...........................1732-1740
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Safdar 'Ali Khan.........................1740-1742
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Sa'adat-Allah Khan II....................1742-1744
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Anhwar ud-Din Mohammed...................1744-1749
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Within British sphere of influence............1763-1825
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Wala Jah Mohammed 'Ali...................1749-1795
-
'Umdut ul-Umara..........................1795-1801
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'Azim ud-Dawlah..........................1801-1819
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'Azim Jah................................1819-1825
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To Great Britain directly.....................1825-1948
-
To India......................................1948-
ASSAM Extreme
northeastern India, a rough triangle bounded by Bangladesh, Bhutan / Tibet,
and Burma. This region was the largest supplier of tea to the British Empire
during the days of the Raj.
-
KAMARUPA
-
Pushyavarman................................c. 355-c. 380
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Samudravarman...............................c. 380-c. 405
-
Balavarman I................................c. 405-c. 420
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Kalyanavarman...............................c. 420-c. 440
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Ganipativarman..............................c. 440-c. 450
-
Mahendravarman..............................c. 450-c. 485
-
Narayaravarman..............................c. 485-c. 510
-
Bhutivarman.................................c. 510-c. 555
-
Chandramukhavarman..........................c. 555-c. 565
-
Sthitivarman................................c. 565-c. 585
-
Susthitavarman..............................c. 585-c. 593
-
Supratisthitivarman.........................c. 593-c. 594
-
Bhaskaravarman..............................c. 594-c. 650
-
Avantivarman................................c. 650-c. 655
-
Salastambha.................................c. 655-c. 675
-
Vigrahastambha..............................c. 675-c. 685
-
Palaka......................................c. 685-c. 700
-
Kumara......................................c. 700-c. 715
-
Vajradeva...................................c. 715-c. 725
-
Harshadeva..................................c. 725-c. 750
-
Balavarman II...............................c. 750-c. 765
-
One or two Kings, name(s) unknown
-
Salambha....................................c. 790-c. 810
-
Arathi......................................c. 810-c. 815
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Hatjaravarman...............................c. 815-c. 835
-
Vanamalavarmadeva...........................c. 835-c. 865
-
Jayamala....................................c .865-c. 885
-
Balavarman III..............................c. 885-c. 910
-
Six Kings, names unknown
-
Tyagasimha..................................c. 970-c. 990
-
Brahmapala..................................c. 990-c. 1010
-
Rativapala.................................c. 1010-c. 1040
-
Indrapala..................................c. 1040-c. 1065
-
Gopala.....................................c. 1065-c. 1080
-
Harshapala.................................c. 1080-c. 1095
-
Dharmapala.................................c. 1095-c. 1115
-
To Gauda...................................c.
1115-c. 1131
-
Timeyadeva............................c. 1125-c.
1126
-
Jayapala...................................c. 1131-c. 1138
-
Vaidyadeva.................................c. 1138-c. 1145
-
Rayarideva.................................c. 1145-c. ?
-
Udayakarna..................................... ? -c. 1175
-
Vallabhadeva...............................c. 1175-c. 1195
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Vishvasundaradeva..........................c. 1195-1228
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AHOM
-
Sukapha.......................................1228-1268
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Suteupha......................................1268-1281
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Subinpha......................................1281-1293
-
Sukhangpha....................................1293-1332
-
Sukhrangpha...................................1332-1364
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Sutupha.......................................1364-1376
-
vacant
-
Tyaokhamti....................................1380-1389
-
vacant
-
Sudangpha.....................................1397-1407
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Sujangpha.....................................1407-1422
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Siphakpha.....................................1422-1439
-
Susenpha......................................1439-1488
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Suhempha......................................1488-1493
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Supimpha......................................1493-1497
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Suhungmung Dihingia Raja......................1497-1539
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Suklenmung Garghgaya Raja.....................1539-1552
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Sukhampha Khora Raja..........................1552-1603
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Sugengpha Pratap Singh........................1603-1641
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Surampha Bhaga Singh..........................1641-1644
-
Sutyinpha Nariya Singh........................1644-1648
-
Sutyinpha Jayadhvaj Singh.....................1648-1663
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Supungmung Chakradhvaj Singh..................1663-1669
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Sunyatpha Udayaditya Singh....................1669-1673
-
Suklampha Ramdhvaj............................1673-1675
-
Suhung.............................................1675
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Gobar..............................................1675
-
Sujinpha......................................1675-1677
-
Sudaipha......................................1677-1679
-
Sulikpha Lara Singh...........................1679-1681
-
Supatpha Gadadhar Singh.......................1681-1696
-
Sukhrungpha Rudra Singh.......................1696-1714
-
Sutanpha Shiva Singh..........................1714-1744
-
Sunenpha Pramatta Singh.......................1744-1751
-
Surampha Rajesvar Singh.......................1751-1769
-
Sunyeopha Lakshmi Singh.......................1769-1780
-
Suhitpangpha Gaurinath Singh..................1780-1794
-
Suklingpha Kamalesvar Singh...................1795-1810
-
Sudinpha Chandrakant Singh....................1810-1818 d. 1821
-
Brajnatha Singh...............................1818-1819
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To Burma......................................1819-1824
-
Sudinpha Chandrakant Singh (restored)....1819-1821
-
Jogesvara Singh...............................1821
-
To the British East India Company.............1824-1857
-
To India thereafter...
-
Note the presence of a militant separatist movement
active in this region from c. 1979.
AVUKU A minor state in
the southern Deccan, south-central India, about equidistant between Hyderabad
to the north and Bangalore to the south.
-
Within Vijayanagar.............................
? -1473
-
Bukka.........................................1473-1481
-
Son of Bukka, name lost.......................1481-1508
-
Timma.........................................1508-1536
-
Nalla Timma...................................1536-1555
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Ragunatha.....................................1555-1558
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Pedda Krishnama...............................1558-1588
-
Shinna Krishnama..............................1588-1618
-
Olajapati I...................................1618-1646
-
Narasinha I...................................1646-1668
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Raghava.......................................1668-1691
-
Pedda Kumara Raghava..........................1691-1735
-
Appa Naransinha...............................1735-1737
-
Shellama......................................1737-1739
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Narasinha II..................................1739-1743
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Kishama.......................................1743-1751
-
Olajapati II..................................1751-1759
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Kumara Raghava................................1759-1767
-
Venkata Narasinha.............................1767-1771
-
Narayana......................................1771-1785
-
Krishna.......................................1785-1805
-
To Hyderabad thereafter...
AWADH (Oudh)
An extensive province in Northern India, between the Ganges and Nepal,
and encompassing the cities of Benares, Cawnpore, and Lucknow. Just over
the edge of Awadh's northeastern frontier with Nepal is the site of the
ancient Sakya district, birthplace of Gautama Buddha.
-
Kingdom of Benares
-
GAHADAVALA
-
Chandradeva................................c. 1080-c. 1100
-
Madanapala.................................c. 1100-c. 1114
-
Govindachandra.............................c. 1114-c. 1155
-
Vijayachandra..............................c. 1155-c. 1170
-
Jayachandra................................c. 1170-c. 1194
-
Harischandra...............................c. 1194-1200
-
To Delhi......................................1200-1526
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1722
-
Kingdom of Awadh
-
SA'ADATID Nawabs
(Governors) until 1819, Kings thereafter.
-
Burhan ul-Mulk Mohammed Sa'adat Khan..........1720-1739
-
Abu'l Mansur Khan Safdar Jang.................1739-1754
-
Shuja ud-Dawlah Haidar........................1754-1775
-
Asaf ud-Dawlah (Benares to BEI Co., 1775).....1775-1797
-
Wazir 'Ali....................................1797-1798
-
Sa'adat 'Ali Khan.............................1798-1814
-
Ghazi ud-Din Haidar...........................1814-1827
-
Nasr ud-Din Haidar............................1827-1837
-
Mohammed 'Ali Shah............................1837-1842
-
Amjad 'Ali Shah...............................1842-1847
-
Wajid 'Ali....................................1847-1856 d. 1887
-
To British East India Company.................1856-1857
-
Barjis Qadir the Mutineer..........................1857
-
To Great Britain thereafter...
BAHAWALPUR
A city in central Pakistan, about 75 miles from the Indian frontier; the
Nawabs (Governors, were effectively independent from the middle of the
18th century.
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1802
-
DAUDPUTRA
-
Sadiq Mohammed I..............................1739-1746
-
Mohammed Bahawal I............................1746-1749
-
Mubarrak......................................1749-1772
-
Mohammed Bahawal II...........................1772-1809
-
Sadiq Mohammed II.............................1809-1825
-
Mohammed Bahawal III..........................1825-1852
-
Sadiq Mohammed III............................1852-1853
-
Fateh Mohammed................................1853-1858
-
Mohammed Bahawal IV...........................1858-1866
-
Sadiq Mohammed IV.............................1866-1899
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Mohammed Bahawal V............................1899-1906/7
-
Sadiq Mohammed V............................1906/7-1955 d. 1966
-
To Pakistan from 1948; Mediatized 1955.
BALUCHISTANBounded
by Iran, Afghanistan, India, and the Indian Ocean. To British India 1875-1948.
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1595-1638
-
KHANATE of KALAT
-
Mir Hassan....................................1638-1666
-
Mir Ahmad.....................................1666-1695
-
Mir Mehrab I.......................................1695
-
Mir Samandar..................................1695-1714
-
Mir 'Abdullah.................................1714-1734
-
Mir Mohabar...................................1734-1749
-
Mir Nasir I...................................1749-1817
-
Mir Mahmud I..................................1817-1831
-
Mir Mehrab II.................................1831-1840
-
Mir Nasir II..................................1840-1857
-
Mir Khudadad..................................1857-1893
-
Under British influence.......................1875-1947
-
Mir Mahmud II............................1893-1931
-
Mir 'Azam................................1931-1933
-
Mir Ahmad Yar............................1933-1948
-
To Pakistan...................................1947-
BARODA
A city near the northern edge of the west coast, just east of the Bay of
Cambay and the Kathiawar Peninsula. A Maratha stronghold in the 18th century.
-
To Delhi......................................1297-1391
-
Sultanate of Gujarat: Muzaffarid
dynasty
-
Muzaffar Shah I...............................1391-1411
-
Ahmad Shah I..................................1411-1442
-
Mohammed Karim Shah...........................1442-1451
-
Qutb ud-Din Ahmad Shah II.....................1451-1458
-
Da'ud Shah.........................................1458
-
Mahmud Shah I Begara..........................1458-1511
-
Muzaffar Shah II..............................1511-1526
-
Sikandar Shah......................................1526
-
Nasr Khan Mahmud II................................1526
-
Bahadur Shah..................................1526-1537
-
Miran Mohammed.....................................1537
-
Mahmud Shah III...............................1537-1554
-
Ahmad Shah III................................1554-1561
-
Muzaffar Shah III.............................1561-1573
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1573-1583
-
Muzaffar Shah III (restored).......................1583
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1583-1734
-
GAEKWAR Maharajas
of Baroda
-
Pilaji Rao....................................1721-1732
-
Damaji Rao....................................1732-1768
-
Govind Rao....................................1768-1771
-
Sayaji Rao I..................................1771-1789
-
Manaji Rao....................................1789-1793
-
Govind Rao (restored).........................1793-1800
-
Anand Rao.....................................1800-1818
-
Sayaji Rao II.................................1818-1847
-
Ganpat Rao....................................1847-1856
-
Khande Rao....................................1856-1870
-
Malhar Rao....................................1870-1875
-
Sayaji Rao III................................1875-1939
-
Pratap Singh..................................1939-1948
-
To India......................................1948-
BENGAL (Bangladesh)
In
the northeast corner of the subcontinent, along the coast, and involving
the vast delta region associated with the Ganges and Brahmaputra River
systems.
-
PALA
-
Gopala I....................................c. 750-c. 770
-
Dharmapala..................................c. 770-c. 810
-
Devapala....................................c. 810-c. 850
-
Vigrahapala I...............................c. 850-c. 875
-
Narayanapala................................c. 875-c. 908
-
Rajyapala...................................c. 908-c. 935
-
Gopala II...................................c. 935-c. 952
-
Vigrahapala II..............................c. 952-c. 988
-
Mahipala I..................................c. 988-c. 1038
-
Nayapala...................................c. 1038-c. 1055
-
Vigrahapala III............................c. 1055-c. 1070
-
Mahipala II................................c. 1070-c. 1075
-
Shurapala..................................c. 1075-c. 1077
-
Ramapala...................................c. 1077-c. 1120
-
Kumarapala.................................c. 1120-c. 1125
-
Gopala III.................................c. 1125-c. 1144
-
Madanapala.................................c. 1144-c. 1161
-
SENA
-
Ballalasena................................c. 1161-c. 1178
-
Lakhsmanasena..............................c. 1178-c. 1205
-
Vishvarupasena.............................c. 1205-c. 1220
-
Keshavarsena...............................c. 1220-c. 1250
-
vacant
-
ILYAS
-
Bughra Khan...................................1282-1291
-
Kai Ka'us.....................................1291-1298
-
Firuz Shah I..................................1298-1318
-
Bughra (in West Bengal).......................1318-1319
with...
-
Bahadur (in East Bengal, West 1319-23)........1318-1330
with...
-
Ibrahim (in West Bengal)......................1323-1325
and...
-
Azam ul-Mulk (in Satgaon).....................1323-1339
and...
-
Bahram Shah (in East Bengal)..................1324-1336
and...
-
Qadr Khan (in West Bengal)....................1325-1339
and...
-
Mubarrak Shah (in East Bengal)................1336-1349
and...
-
Ali Shah (in West Bengal).....................1339-1345
and...
-
Ilyas Shah (in West Bengal, all from 1352)....1345-1357
and...
-
Ghazi Shah (in East Bengal)...................1349-1352
and...
-
Sikandar I....................................1357-1390 opposed by...
-
Azam..........................................1369-1410
-
Hamza.........................................1410-1412
-
Bayazid I.....................................1412-1414
-
Firuz II......................................1414-1415
-
GANESA
-
Raja Ganesh...................................1415-1418
-
Mohammed......................................1418-1431
-
Ahmad.........................................1431-1436
-
ILYAS
-
Mahmud I......................................1437-1459
-
Barbak I......................................1459-1474
-
Yusuf.........................................1474-1481
-
Sikandar II........................................1481
-
Fath Shah.....................................1481-1486
-
HABSHIS
-
Barbak II.....................................1486-1487
-
Firuz III.....................................1487-1489
-
Mahmud II.....................................1489-1490
-
Muzaffar......................................1490-1494
-
HUSAINI
-
Aladdin Husain................................1494-1518
-
Nusrat........................................1518-1533
-
Firuz IV...........................................1533
-
Mahmud III....................................1533-1538
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1538-1539
-
SURI
-
Sher Shah.....................................1539-1540 d. 1545
-
Khidr.........................................1540-1545
-
Mohammed Khan.................................1545-1555
-
Bahadur.......................................1555-1561
-
Jalal.........................................1561-1564
-
KARARANI
-
Sulaiman......................................1564-1572
-
Bayazid II.........................................1572
-
Daoud.........................................1572-1576
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1576-1757
-
NAWABS of BENGAL
-
Murshid Quli Djafar Khan.................1703-1727
-
Shoja ud-Din.............................1727-1739
-
Safaraz Khan.............................1739-1740
-
Ali Vardi Khan...........................1740-1756
-
Siraj ud-Daula...........................1756-1757
-
To the British East India Company.............1757-1858
-
Mir Djafar...............................1757-1760
d. 1765
-
Mir Qasim................................1760-1763
-
Mir Djafar (restored)....................1763-1765
-
Najm ud-Dawlah...........................1765-1766
-
Saif ud-Dawlah...........................1766-1770
-
To Great Britain, directly....................1858-1947
-
To Pakistan...................................1947-1971
-
Republic of Bangladesh........................1971-
BERAR A
successor state to the Deccan Sultanate.
-
'IMAD
-
Fath-Allah 'Imad ul-Mulk......................1490-1504
-
Aladdin 'Imad Shah............................1504-1529
-
Darya 'Imad Shah..............................1529-1562
-
Burhan 'Imad Shah.............................1562-1568
-
Tufal Khan Dakhni.............................1568-1572
-
To Ahmadnagar thereafter...
BHATGAON
In central Nepal, a separate Malla state during the centuries of fragmentation.
-
To Nepal until c. 1482
-
MALLA
-
Rayamalla..................................c. 1482-c. 1519
-
Pranamalla.................................c. 1519-c. 1547
-
Vishvamalla................................c. 1547-c. 1560
-
Trailokyamalla.............................c. 1560-c. 1613
-
Jagatjyotimalla............................c. 1613-c. 1637
-
Naresamalla................................c. 1637-c. 1644
-
Jagatprakasamalla..........................c. 1644-c. 1673
-
Jitamitramalla.............................c. 1673-c. 1696
-
Bhupatiindramalla..........................c. 1696-1722
-
Ranjitamalla..................................1722-1769
-
To Gurkha and thence Nepal;,
1769
BHUTANA
Himalayan Kingdom east of Nepal, and northwest of Assam.
-
Kingdom of Monyul, c. 500 BCE-c.
600 CE
-
??
-
Occupation by "Indian principalities" ?.....c.
600-c. 900
-
Fragmentation, each valley ruled locally....c.
600-1616
-
Partially occupied by Cooch ?......................16th/17th
cent.
-
Kingdom of Bhutan
-
Spiritual rulers (Shabdrun Thuktrul,
or Dharma Raja) This line commences
with a Tibetan Lama (of the Drukpa subsect of the Kargyupa sect)
who journeyed to Bhutan and established himself as chief over the region.
-
Ngawang Namgyal...............................1616-1651
-
Shabdrung Ngwang Namgyel Rimpoche wielded both spiritual
and temporal authority, but from the mid 17th century, power came to be
divided between the Dharma Raja and the Deb Raja (see below). Each successive
Dharma Raja assumed office more-or-less from birth, being regarded as the
verifiable reincarnation of the previous incumbent.
-
Pekar Jungney.................................1651-1680
-
Name not found................................1680-1698
-
Kunga Gyaltshen...............................1698-1712 d. 1713
-
Phyogla Namgyal...............................1712-1730 d. 1736
-
Jigme Norbu...................................1730-1735
-
Mipham Wangpo.................................1735-1738
-
Jigme Dragpa I................................1738-1761
-
Choeki Gyaltshen..............................1762-1788
-
vacant
-
Jigme Dragpa II...............................1791-1830
-
Jigme Norbu...................................1831-1861
-
Jigme Chogyal.................................1862-1904
-
Jigme Dorji...................................1905-1931
-
Temporal regents (Druk Desi, or Deb
Raja)
-
Tenzin Drugyel................................1651-1655
-
Several, names not found.
-
Gedun Chomphel................................1695-1701
-
Ngawang Tshering..............................1701-1704
-
Umdze Peljor..................................1704-1707
-
Druk Rabgye...................................1707-1719 d. c. 1729
-
Ngawang Gyamtsho..............................1719-1729
-
Mipham Wangpo.................................1729-1736
-
Khuwo Peljor..................................1736-1739
-
Ngawang Gyaltshen.............................1739-1744
-
Sherab Wangchuk...............................1744-1763
-
Druk Phuntsho.................................1763-1765
-
Druk Tendzin I................................1765-1768
-
Donam Lhundub.................................1768-1773
-
Kunga Rinchen.................................1773-1776
-
Jigme Singye..................................1776-1788
-
Druk Tendzin II...............................1788-1792
-
Tashi Namgyal.................................1792-1799
-
Druk Namgyal..................................1799-1803
-
Tashi Namgyal (restored)......................1803-1805
-
Sangye Tendzin................................1805-1806
-
Umdze Parpop..................................1806-1808 with...
-
Bop Choda.....................................1807-1808
-
Tsulthrim Drayga..............................1809-1810 d. 1820
-
Jigme Dragpa II...............................1810-1811
-
Yeshey Gyaltshen..............................1811-1815 d. 1830
-
Tshaphu Dorji......................................1815
-
Sonam Drugyal.................................1815-1819
-
Tendzin Drugdra...............................1819-1823
-
Choki Gyaltshen...............................1823-1831 d. 1838
-
Dorji Namgyal.................................1831-1832
-
Adap Thrinley.................................1832-1835
-
Choki Gyaltshen (restored)....................1835-1838
-
Dorji Norbu...................................1838-1847
-
Tashi Dorji...................................1847-1850
-
Wangchuk Gyalpo....................................1850
-
Jigme Norbu (at Thimphu)......................1850-1852
opposed by...
-
Chagpa Sangye (at Punakha)....................1851-1852
-
Damcho Lhundrup...............................1852-1856
-
Kunga Palden (at Punakha).....................1856-1861
opposed by...
-
Sherab Tharchin (at Thimphu)..................1856-1861
-
Phuntsho Namgyal..............................1861-1864
-
Tshewang Sithub....................................1864 d. 1866
-
Tsulthrim Yonten...................................1864
-
Kagyu Wangchuk.....................................1864
-
Tshewang Sithub (restored)....................1864-1866
-
Tsondru Pekar.................................1866-1870
-
Jigme Namgyal.................................1870-1873 d. 1881
-
Kitsep Dorji Namgyal..........................1873-1877 d. 1879
-
Jigme Namgyal (restored)......................1877-1878 d. 1881
-
Kitsep Dorji Namgyal (restored)...............1878-1879
-
Chogyal Zangpo................................1879-1880
-
Jigme Namgyal (re-restored)...................1880-1881
-
Lam Tshewang..................................1881-1883
-
Gawa Zangpo...................................1883-1885
-
Sangye Dorji..................................1885-1901
-
vacant
-
Choley Yeshe Ngodub...........................1903-1905 d. 1917
-
By the 19th century, the system had broken down completely,
and the realm was fragmented into the hands of local governors (Penlops)
and military officials (Jungpens). Upon the demise of Jigme Chogyal in
the early 20th century, the emergence of a particularly strong Penlop in
the district of Tongsa brought about reforms which succeeded in creating
the modern state, with the Tongsa Penlops as Kings...
-
TONGSA
-
Ugyen Wangchuck...............................1907-1926
-
Jigme Wangchuck...............................1926-1952
-
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck.........................1952-1972
-
Jigme Singhi Wangchuck........................1972-
BIDAR A
successor state to the Deccan Sultanate.
-
BARID
-
Qasim Shah I..................................1492-1504
-
Amir Shah I...................................1504-1542
-
'Ali Shah I...................................1542-1579
-
Ibrahim Shah..................................1579-1586
-
Qasim Shah II.................................1586-1589
-
Amir Shah II..................................1589-1601
-
Mirza 'Ali Shah...............................1601-1609
-
'Ali Shah II..................................1609-1619
-
To Bijapur....................................1619-1724
-
To Hyderabad thereafter...
BIJAPUR A
successor state to the Deccan Sultanate. It was from here that the Marathas
first established a revitalized Hindu state,
in the 17th century.
-
'ADIL
-
Yusuf 'Adil Shah..............................1490-1510
-
Isma'il Shah..................................1510-1534
-
Mallu 'Adil Shah...................................1534
-
Ibrahim 'Adil Shah I..........................1534-1558
-
'Ali 'Adil Shah I.............................1558-1580
-
Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II.........................1580-1627
-
Mohammed 'Adil Shah...........................1627-1657
-
'Ali 'Adil Shah II............................1657-1672
-
Sikandar 'Adil Shah...........................1672-1686
-
Mostly to Maharashtra, some remaining fragments to
the Mughal Empire...
BIKANER
A city and district in western India, within the Great Thar Desert, roughly
220 miles (350 km.) west of Delhi and about 60 miles (95 km.) east of the
Pakistani border.
-
RATHOR
-
Bika Rao......................................1465-1504
-
Naro..........................................1504-1505
-
Lunkaran......................................1505-1526
-
Jetsi.........................................1526-1542
-
Kalyan Singh..................................1542-1571
-
Raya Singh Raja...............................1571-1612
-
Dalpat Singh..................................1612-1613
-
Sur Singh.....................................1613-1631
-
Karan Singh...................................1631-1669
-
Anup Singh Maharaja...........................1669-1698
-
Sarup Singh...................................1698-1700
-
Sujan Singh...................................1700-1736
-
Zorawar Singh.................................1736-1745
-
Gaja Singh....................................1745-1787
-
Raja Singh.........................................1787
-
Pratap Singh.......................................1787
-
Surat Singh...................................1787-1828
-
Ratan Singh...................................1828-1851
-
Sardar Singh..................................1851-1872
-
Dungar Singh..................................1872-1887
-
Ganga Singh...................................1887-1943
-
Sadul Singh...................................1943-1949
-
To India......................................1948-
The BRITISH EAST
INDIA COMPANY Not a nation as such, but "merely" a corporate
entity, the EIC nevertheless controlled during it's heyday more territory
than some empires. Incorporated on December 31, 1600 as The Governor and
Company of Merchants trading with the East Indies, it began as a private
monopoly to take advantage of spice trading in southeast Asia after the
weakening of Hispano-Portuguese monopolies following the defeat of the
Armada in 1588. The company quickly became enmeshed in conflict with the
Dutch
East India Company, and were driven out of Indonesia by them, while
gaining a strong foothold in India. Expanding it's power in India over
the course of the 18th century, the peak of it's authority was reached
between 1757-1773. In the late 18th century, the British government exerted
more direct control over company affairs, and it's commercial monopoly
was removed in 1813. From 1834 it was converted into the managerial authority
through which the British government wielded power in India. After the
Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, Great Britain took full political authority in India
unto itself, and the Company was formally dissolved in 1873. The following
list details the Governors-General of the Company, a position of supreme
authority over the three Indian Presidencies created in 1773 by the Regulating
Act, the first movement by Britain to rope in "John Company".
-
GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF THE BRITISH EAST
INDIA COMAPANY
-
Warren Hastings...............................1774-1785 d. 1818
-
Sir John MacPherson (acting), 1785-1786 d. 1821
-
Charles Mann Cornwallis.......................1786-1793 d. 1805
-
Sir John Shore, Baron Teignmouth..............1793-1798
-
Richard Colley Wellesley, Baron Wellesley.....1798-1805 d. 1842
-
Charles Mann Cornwallis (restored).................1805
-
Sir George Hilario Barlow (acting), 1805-1807 d.
1846
-
Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, Baron Minto...1807-1813 d. 1814
-
Francis Rawdon-Hastings, Marquess of Hastings...1813-1823 d. 1826
-
John Adam (acting) 1823 d. 1825
-
William Pitt Amherst, Earl Amherst............1823-1828 d. 1857
-
William Butterworth Bayley (acting), 1828 d. 1860
-
William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, Lord Bentinck...1828-1835 d. 1839
-
Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe (acting), 1835-1836
-
George Eden, Earl of Auckland.................1836-1842 d. 1849
-
Edward Law, Baron Ellenborough................1842-1844 d. 1871
-
William Wilberforce Bird (acting), 1844
-
Henry Hardinge, Viscount Hardinge.............1844-1848 d. 1856
-
James Andrew Broun Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie..1848-1856 d. 1860
CANNANORE
A port in southwestern India, a few miles north of Pondicherry. The region
was inhabited by large numbers of Mopla Muslims, but is also a well-known
temple site for Hindus. Economically, the district is famous for its sophisticated
weaving industry.
-
To Chola Empire.............................c.
846-1279
-
To Delhi......................................1279-1334
-
To Madurai....................................1334-1378
-
To Vijayanagar................................1378-1545
-
'ALI RAJA
-
'Ali Adi-Raja I...............................1545-1591
-
Abu Bakr Adi-Raja I...........................1591-1607
-
Abu Bakr Adi-Raja II..........................1607-1610
-
Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja I......................1610-1647
-
Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja II.....................1647-1655
-
Kamal Adi-Raja................................1655-1656
-
Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja III....................1656-1691
-
'Ali Adi-Raja II..............................1691-1704
-
Kunhi Amsa Adi-Raja I.........................1704-1720
-
Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja IV.....................1720-1728
-
Harrabichi Kadavube Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.).......1728-1732
-
Junumabe Adi-Raja Bibi I (fem.)................1732-1745
-
Kunhi Amsa Adi-Raja II........................1745-1777
-
To British East India Company.................1783-1858
-
Junumabe Adi-Raja Bibi II (fem.)..........1777-1819
-
Maraiambe Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)............1819-1838
-
Hayashabe Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)............1838-1852
-
To Great Britain..............................1858-1948
-
'Abdul Rahman 'Ali Adi-Raja I............1852-1870
-
Musa 'Ali Adi-Raja.......................1870-1899
-
Mohammed 'Ali Adi-Raja V.................1899-1907
-
Imbichi Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)..............1907-1911
-
Ahmad 'Ali Adi-Raja......................1911-1921
-
Ayesha Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)...............1921-1931
-
'Abdul Rahman 'Ali Adi-Raja II...........1931-1946
-
Mariyumma Adi-Raja Bibi (fem.)............1946-1949
-
To India......................................1948-
CHITTAGONG
A port city and surrounding district, comprising the southeastern panhandle
of Bangladesh extending away from the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta.
-
To Bengal.......................... < 14th
century-1538
-
To Arakan.....................................1538-1666
-
Note: from c. 1577 to
1665, significant portions of Upper Chittagong province were in the hands
of a company of Portuguese mercenaries based at Dianga, near Chittagong
city. These troops were in the hire of successive Kings of Arakan, and
provided security for that nation against encroaches by the Mughal Empire
across the northwestern frontier. Typical of hired troops of that era,
they exerted extensive authority over their district, and constantly strayed
over both sides of the line between security forces on the one hand and
private slavers/marauders on the other. For example:
-
Sandwip Island A
large island in the southeastern corner of the Delta.
-
Normally following Chittagong sequence, except...
-
Gonsalves Tibao, A renegade Portuguese pirate, c. 1610-c. 1620
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1666-1760
-
To Great Britain..............................1760-1948
-
To Pakistan...................................1948-1971
-
To Bangladesh.................................1971-
COCHIN
A coastal district in far southwestern India, about 150 miles (240 km.)
northwest of Cape Comorin.
-
Portuguese sphere of influence................1502-1669
-
COCHIN
-
Unni Rama Koil I...........................c. 1500-1503
-
Unni Rama Koil II.............................1503-1537
-
Vira Kerala Varma I...........................1537-1565
-
Kesara Rama Varma II..........................1565-1601
-
Vira Kerala Varma II..........................1601-1615
-
Ravi Varma I..................................1615-1624
-
Vira Kerala Varma III.........................1624-1637
-
Goda Varma I..................................1637-1645
-
Vira Rayira Varma.............................1645-1646
-
Vira Kerala Varma IV..........................1646-1650
-
Rama Varma I..................................1650-1656
-
Gangadhara Lakshmi (fem.)......................1656-1658
-
Rama Varma II.................................1658-1662
-
Goda Varma II.................................1662-1663
-
Within the Netherlands sphere of influence....1669-1795
-
Vira Kerala Varma V...........................1663-1687
-
Rama Varma III................................1687-1693
-
Ravi Varma II.................................1693-1697
-
Rama Varma IV.................................1697-1701
-
Rama Varma V..................................1701-1721
-
Ravi Varma III................................1721-1731
-
Rama Varma VI.................................1731-1746
-
Kerala Varma I................................1746-1749
-
Rama Varma VII................................1749-1760
-
Kerala Varma II...............................1760-1775
-
Rama Varma VIII...............................1775-1790
-
Within the British sphere of influence........1795-1948
-
Rama Varma Saktan Tampuran...............1790-1805
-
Rama Varma IX............................1805-1809
-
Kerala Varma III.........................1809-1828
-
Rama Varma X.............................1828-1837
-
Rama Varma XI............................1837-1844
-
Rama Varma XII...........................1844-1851
-
Kerala Varma IV..........................1851-1853
-
Ravi Varma IV............................1853-1864
-
Rama Varma XIII..........................1864-1888
-
Kerala Varma V...........................1888-1895
-
Rama Varma XIV...........................1895-1914
-
Rama Varma XV............................1914-1932
-
Rama Varma XVI...........................1932-1941
-
Kerala Varma VI..........................1941-1943
-
Ravi Varma V.............................1943-1946
-
Kerala Varma VII.........................1946-1948
-
Rama Varma XVII..........................1948-1949
-
To India......................................1948-
DELHI An
important Sultanate in north-central India; significant as (at times) a
large imperial state acting as a buffer between Mongol and Timurid aggression
toward the rest of India.
-
MU'IZZ
-
Qutb Al-Din Aibeg.............................1206-1210
-
Aram Shah.....................................1210-1210/1
-
Shams Al-DinAl-Qutbi........................1210/1-1236
-
Rukn Al-Din........................................1236
-
Radiyya Begum.................................1235-1240
-
Mu'izz Al-Din Bahram Shah.....................1240-1242
-
Aladdin Masud Shah............................1242-1246
-
Nasr Al-Din...................................1246-1266
-
Balban........................................1266-1287/8
-
Mu'izz Al-Din...............................1287/8-1290
-
Kaiumarth..........................................1290
-
KHALJI
-
Djalal Al-Din.................................1290-1296
-
Rukn Al-Din (II)...................................1296
-
Aladdin.......................................1296-1316
-
Shihab Al-Din......................................1316
-
Qutb Al-Din...................................1316-1320
-
Nasr Al-Din Khusrau Shah the Usurper...............1320
-
TUGHLUQID
-
Tughluq Shah I................................1320-1325
-
Mohammed Shah II..............................1325-1351
-
Mahmud Ibn Mohammed.............a few days in
Mar. 1351
-
Firuz Shah....................................1351-1388
-
Tughluq Shah II...............................1388-1389
-
Abu Bakr Shah.................................1389-1389/90
-
Mohammed Shah III..........................1389/90-1393
-
Sikander Shah I..........................Mar.-Apr.
1393
-
Mahmud Shah II................................1393-1394/5
-
Nusrat Shah.................................1394/5-1398/9
-
(Sack of Delhi by Timur; interregnum..........1399-1413/4)
-
LODI
-
Daulat Khan.................................1413/4-1414/5
-
SAYYID
-
Khidr Khan....................................1414-1421
-
Mubarrak Shah II..............................1421-1435
-
Mohammed Shah IV..............................1435-1445
-
Aladdin Alam Shah.............................1445-1451/2
-
LODI
-
Bahlul........................................1452-1489
-
Saikander.....................................1489-1517
-
Ibrahim II....................................1517-1526
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1540
-
SURI
-
Sher Shah.....................................1540-1545
-
Islam Shah....................................1545-1553
-
Mohammed V....................................1553-1554
d. 1555
-
Firuz................................29 Apr.-2
May 1554
-
Ibrahim III...................................1554-1554/5
-
Sikander Shah...............................1554/5-1555
-
To Mughal Empire, and the Raj, thereafter
GOA
A port and district on the west coast of India, retaining an unusual blend
of Indian and Portuguese culture. This was the center and capital of Portuguese
Asia and during the hetday of the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century
it was of great power and influence in southern Asia generally.
-
To South Konkan................................970-c.
1000
-
Kadamba A
local dynasty of 14 kings, c. 1000-1334; my information on them is fragmentary
at this time.
-
Guhulladeva I..................................fl. c. 1000
-
?
-
Shasthadeva II..........................fl. latter 11th cent.
-
Guhalldeva III.................................fl. 12th cent.
-
Jayakeshi II
-
Shivachitta
-
Vishnuchitta
-
Jayakeshi III.................................... -1212
-
To Devagiri...................................1212-1224
-
More Kadamba monarch(s ?).....................1224-c.
1277
-
To Devagiri......................................
-1313
-
Kamdeva.....................................
-1313
-
Final Kadamba monarch(s ?)....................1313-1334
-
Local vassals of Delhi........................1334-1347
-
To the Deccan (Bahamanis).....................1347-1380
-
To Vijayanagar................................1380-1454
-
To Bankapur...................................1454-1471
-
To Bijapore...................................1471-1489
-
Yusuf Adilshaha...............................1489-1510
-
To Portugal...................................1510-1961
-
Viceroy
-
Francisco de Almeida.....................1505-1509
-
Governor-general
-
Afonso de Albuquerque....................1509-1515
-
Lopo Soares de Albergaria................1515-1518
-
Diogo Lopes de Sequeira..................1518-1522
-
Duarte de Meneses........................1522-1524
-
Viceroy
-
Vasco da Gama, conde de Vidigueira............1524
-
On his epic voyage in 1497-99, with four vessels,
Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, passed the easternmost point
reached by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, continued up the east coast of Africa
to Malindi, and sailed across the Indian Ocean to Calicut. This voyage
opened up a way for Europe to reach the wealth of the Indies, and out of
it grew the Portuguese Empire. Immediately Portugal gained great riches
from the spice trade. Gama dictated the instructions for Cabral's voyage
(1500-1502) to India, and in 1502 he himself led a fleet of ships
on his second India voyage. With this force he attempted to establish Portuguese
power in Indian waters and sought to secure the submission of a number
of chiefs on the African coast. He was harsh in his methods and was not
as good an administrator as many of the Portuguese captains who later went
to the East, but he was the first, and he was fittingly honored with many
tributes and the title of count of Vidigueria. In 1524 he was sent back
to India as viceroy, but he died soon after his arrival.
-
Governor-general
-
Henrique de Meneses......................1524-1526
-
Lopo Vaz de Sampaio......................1526-1529
-
Nunho da Cunha...........................1529-1538
-
Viceroy
-
Garcia de Noronha........................1538-1540
-
Governor-general
-
Estévão da Gama..........................1540-1542
-
Martim Afonso de Sousa...................1542-1545
-
Viceroy
-
João de Castro...........................1545-1548
-
Governor-general
-
Garcia de Sá.............................1548-1549
-
Jorge Cabral.............................1549-1550
-
Viceroy
-
Afonso de Noronha........................1550-1554
-
Pedro Mascarenhas........................1554-1555
-
Governor-general
-
Francisco Barreto........................1555-1558
-
Viceroy
-
Constantino de Bragança..................1558-1561
-
Francisco Coutinho, conde do Redondo.....1561-1564
-
Governor-general
-
João de Mendonça..............................1564
-
Viceroy
-
Antão de Noronha.........................1564-1568
-
Luís de Ataíde, conde de Atouguia........1568-1571
-
António de Noronha.......................1571-1573
-
Governor-general
-
António Moniz Barreto....................1573-1576
-
Diogo de Meneses.........................1576-1578
-
Viceroy
-
Luís de Ataíde, conde de Atouguia
(r)....1578-1580
-
Governor-general
-
Fernão Teles de Meneses, c. de Vilar Maior....1581
-
Viceroy
-
Francisco Mascarenhas, conde de Orta.....1581-1584
-
Duarte de Meneses, conde de Tarouca......1584-1588
-
Governor-general
-
Manuel de Sousa Coutinho.................1588-1591
-
Viceroy
-
Matias de Albuquerque....................1591-1597
-
Francisco da Gama, conde de Vidiguiera...1597-1600
-
Aires de Saldanha........................1600-1605
-
Martim Afonso de Castro..................1605-1607
-
Governor-general
-
Alexio de Meneses........................1607-1609
-
André Furtado de Mendonça.....................1609
-
Viceroy
-
Rui Lourenço de Távora...................1609-1612
-
Jerónimo de Azevedo......................1612-1617
-
João Coutinho, conde de Redondo..........1617-1619
-
Fernão de Albuquerque....................1619-1622
-
Francisco da Gama, conde de Vidiguiera...1622-1628
-
Governor-general
-
Luis de Brito............................1628-1629
-
Viceroy
-
Miguel de Noronha, conde de Linhares.....1629-1635
-
Pedro da Silva...........................1635-1639
-
Governor-general
-
António Teles de Meneses.................1639-1640
-
Viceroy
-
João da Silva Telo de Meneses, c. de Aveiras...1640-1645
-
Filipe Mascarenhas.......................1645-1651
-
Vasco Mascarenhas, conde de Óbidos.......1652-1653
-
Governor-general
-
Brás de Castro...........................1653-1655
-
Viceroy
-
Rodrigo da Silveira, conde de Sarzedas...1655-1656
-
Governor-general
-
Manuel Mascarenhas Homem......................1656
-
Junta....................................1656-1662
-
Viceroy
-
António de Melo Castro...................1662-1666
-
João Nunes da Castro, c. de São
Vicente..1666-1668
-
Junta....................................1668-1671
-
Luiz de Mendonça Furtado e Albuquerque,
c. do Lavradio...1671-1677
-
Pedro de Almeida, conde de Assu..........1677-1678
-
Junta....................................1678-1681
-
Francisco de Távora, conde de Alvor......1681-1686
-
Governor-general
-
Rodrigo da Costa.........................1686-1690
-
Miguel de Almeida........................1690-1691
-
Junta....................................1691-1693
-
Viceroy
-
Pedro António de Noronha de Albuquerque,
c. de Vila Verde...1693-1698
-
António Luís Gonçalves da
Câmara Coutinho...1698-1701
-
Governing Commission.....................1701-1703
-
Fray Agostinho da Annunciao
-
Vasco Luiz Coutinho
-
Caetano de Mello e Castro................1703-1707
-
Rodrigo da Costa.........................1707-1712
-
Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses.........1712-1717
-
Governor-general
-
Sebastião de Andrade Pessanha.................1717
-
Viceroy
-
Luiz Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses,
c. de Ericeira...1717-1720
-
Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro.......1720-1723
-
Cristóvão de Melo........................1723-1725
with...
-
Governing Commission.....................1723-1725
-
Fray Ignacio de Santa Theresa
-
Cristóvão Luiz de Andrade
-
João de Saldanha da Gama.................1725-1732
d. 1752
-
Governing Commission..........................1732
-
Cristóvão de Melo (restored)
-
Fray Ignacio de Santa Theresa (restored)
-
Pedro Mascarenhas, conde de Sandomil.....1732-1741
d. 1745
-
Luiz Carlos Inácio Xavier Meneses (r.)...1741-1742
-
Governing Commission.....................1742-1744
-
Francisco de Vasconcellos (to 1743)
-
Luiz Caetano de Almeida
-
Lourenço de Noronha (from 1743)
-
Pedro Miguel de Almeida, m. de Alorna....1744-1750
-
Francisco de Assis da Távora, m. de Távora...1750-1754
-
Luiz Mascarenhas, conde de Alva..........1754-1756
-
Governing Commission.....................1756-1756
-
António Taveira da Neiva da Silveira
-
João de Mesquita Matos Teixeira
-
Filippe de Valladares Souto Maior
-
Manuel de Saldanha e Albuquerque, c. da Ega...1756-1765
d. 1771
-
Governing Commission.....................1765-1768
-
António Taveira da Neiva da Silveira
(restored)
-
João Baptista Vaz Pereira
-
João José de Mello
-
Governor
-
João José de Mello (continued)...........1768-1774
-
Filippe de Valladares Souto Maior.............1774
-
José Pedro da Câmara.....................1774-1779
-
Federico Guilherme de Sousa..............1779-1786
-
Francisco da Cunha e Meneses.............1786-1794
-
Francisco António da Veiga Cabral da Câmara
Pimentel...1794-1807
-
Viceroy
-
Bernardo José da Silveira e Lorena, c.
de Sarzedas...1807-1816
-
Diogo de Sousa, conde de Rio Pardo.......1816-1821
-
Governing Commission.....................1821-1822
-
Manuel Godinho da Mira
-
Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama
-
Gonçalo de Magalhães Teixeira
-
Manuel Duarte Leitão
-
Governing Commission.....................1822-1823
-
Manuel da Câmara
-
Fray Paulo de San Thomé de Aquino
-
António de Mello Souto Maior
-
João Carlos Leal
-
António José de Lima Leitão
-
Manuel da Câmara.........................1823-1825
-
Governing Commission.....................1825-1827
-
Fray Manuel de San Galdino
-
Candido José Mourão Garcez Palha
-
António Ribeiro de Carvalho
-
Manuel de Portugal e Castro..............1827-1835
-
Prefect
-
Bernardo Peres da Silva.......................1835
-
Chairmen of the Provisional Government
-
Joaquim Manuel Correia da Silva e Gama........1835
-
João c. da Rocha Vasconcellos............1835-1836
with...
-
Manuel José Ribeiro......................1835-1836
and...
-
Fray Constantino de Santa Rita...........1835-1836
-
João Cabral de Estifique.................1836-1837
with...
-
António Maria de Mello...................1836-1837
and...
-
Joaquim António de Moraes Carneiro.......1836-1837
-
José António de Lemos.........................1837
with...
-
António Mariano de Azevedo....................1837
-
Governor-general
-
Simão Infante de Lacerda da Sousa Tavares,
b. de Sabroso...1837-1838
-
Governing Council (acting)...............1838-1839
-
António Feliciano de Santa Rita
-
José António Vieira da Fonseca
-
José Cancio Freire de Lima
-
Domingo José Mariano
-
Luiz José António Vieira da
Fonseca, acting 1839
-
Manuel José Mendes, barão de Candal......1839-1840
-
Governing Council (acting)....................1840
-
José António Vieira da Fonseca
-
José Carneiro Freire de Lima
-
António João de Athaíde
-
Domingo José Mariano Luiz
-
José da Costa Campos
-
Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos
-
José Joaquim Lopez de Lima, acting
1840-1842
-
Governing Council (acting)....................1842
-
António Ramalho da Sá
-
José de Mello Souta Maior Telles
-
António João de Athaíde
(restored)
-
José da Costa Campos (restored)
-
Caetano de Sousa e Vasconcellos (restored)
-
Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira, c. das Antas...1842-1843
-
Joaquim Mourão Garcez Palha..............1843-1844
-
José Ferreira Pestana....................1844-1851
-
José Joaquim Januario Lapa, b. de Villa
Nova de Ourém...1851-1855
-
Governing Council (acting)....................1855
-
Joaquim de Santa Rita Botelho
-
Luiz da Costa Campos
-
Francisco Xavier Peres
-
Bernardo Hector da Silveira
-
Victor Anastacio Mourão Garcez
-
Palha António César de Vasconcellos
Correia, v. de Torres Novas...1855-1864
-
José Ferreira Pestana (restored).........1864-1870
-
Januario Correia de Almeida, v. de São
Januario...1870-1871
-
Joaquim José de Macedo e Couto...........1871-1875
-
João Tavares de Almeida..................1875-1877
-
António, visc. de Sérgio de Sousa........1877-1878
-
Governing Council (acting)....................1878
-
Ayres de Oruellas e Vasconcellos
-
João Caetano da Silva Campos
-
Francisco Xavier Soares da Veiga
-
Thomas Nunes da Serva e Moura
-
António Sergio de Sousa
-
Eduardo Augusto Pinto Balsemão
-
Caetano Alexandre de Almeida e Albuquerque...1878-1881
-
Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva, v. de
Paço de Arcos...1881-1885
-
Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral.....1885-1886
-
Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho........1886-1889
-
Vasco Guedes de Carvalho e Meneses.......1889-1891
-
Francisco Maria da Cunha.................1891-1892
-
Francisco Teixeira da Silva..............1892-1893
-
Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade..........1893-1894
-
Elesbão Betencourt Lapa, v. de Vila Nova
de Ourém...1894-1895
-
Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade (rest.)..1895-1896
-
Afonso Henriques, duque de Pôrto..............1896
-
João António de Brissac das Neves
Ferreira...1896-1897
-
Joaquim José Machado.....................1897-1900
-
Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo.......1900-1905
-
Arnoldo de Novais Guedes Róbelo..........1905-1907
-
José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa........1907-1910
-
Francisco Manuel Couceiro da Costa.......1910-1917
-
Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira................1917
-
José de Freitas Ribeiro..................1917-1919
-
Augusto de Paiva Bobelo Mota..................1919
-
Jaime Alberto da Castro Morais...........1919-1925
-
Francisco Maria Peixoto Vieira (restored).....1925
-
Mariano Martins..........................1925-1926
-
Tito Augusto de Morais, acting 1926
-
Acurcio Mendes da Rocha Diniz.................1926
-
Pedro Francisco Massano de Amorim........1926-1929
-
Acurcio Mendes da Rocha Diniz (restored),
acting 1929
-
João Carlos Craveiro Lopes...............1929-1936
-
Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes..........1936-1938
-
José Ricardo Pereira Cabral..............1938-1945
-
Paulo Bénard Guedes......................1945-1946
-
José Silvestre Ferreira Bossa............1946-1947
-
Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça e Dias,
acting 1947-1948
-
José Alves Ferreira, acting 1948
-
Fernando Quintanilha Mendonça e Dias
(restored), acting 1948-1952
-
Paulo Bénard Guedes (restored)............1953-1958
-
Manuel António Vasalo e Silva.............1958-1961
(nominal to 1962)
-
To India.......................................1961-
GOLKONDA A
Deccan state within east-central India.
-
QUTB
-
Quli Qutb Shah................................1512-1543
-
Jamshid Qutb Shah.............................1543-1550
-
Subhan Quli Qutb Shah..............................1550
-
Ibrahim Qutb Shah.............................1550-1580
-
Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah.......................1580-1612
-
Mohammed Qutb Shah............................1612-1626
-
'Abdullah Qutb Shah...........................1626-1672
-
Abu'l-Hassan Qutb Shah........................1672-1687
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1687-1724
-
To Hyderabad thereafter...
GUJARAT
A region in western India bounded by Kutch to the west and Malwa to the
east, with the Arabian Sea around the Kathiawar Peninsula extending across
its southwestern flank. It is largely an agricultural district, but well-known
for distinctive architectural styles and important crafts. The Gujaratis
have had an outward-looking sea-faring tradition for millennia, and even
today natives of Gujarat or descendents of Gujaratis form a larger than
average percentage of Indians living abroad. Ghandi came from Gujarat -
he was born in Porbandar, a seacoast town on the southwest flank of the
Kathiawar Peninsula.
-
To the Mauryan Empire....................3rd
cent.-180's
-
Poorly documented era....................180's
BCE-130 CE
-
To Malwa.......................................130-382
-
To the Guptan Empire...........................382-c.
475
-
Kingdom of Vallabhi
-
MAITRAKA
-
Bhatarka....................................c. 475- ?
-
Dharasena I
-
Dronasimha..................................c. 500-c. 525
-
Dhruvasena I................................c. 525-c. 545
-
Dharapatta..................................c. 545-c. 556
-
Guhasena....................................c. 556-c. 570
-
Dharasena II................................c. 570-c. 606
-
Siladitya I.................................c. 606-c. 616
-
Kharagraha I................................c. 616-c. 623
-
Dharasena III...............................c. 623-c. 640
-
Dhruvasena II...............................c. 640-c. 644
-
Dharasena IV................................c. 644-c. 651
-
Dhruvasena III..............................c. 651-c. 656
-
Kharagraha II...............................c. 656-c. 662
-
Siladitya II................................c. 662- ?
-
Siladitya III
-
Siladitya IV
-
Siladitya V
-
Siladitya VI................................c. 766-c. 767
-
To Kabul....................................c.
767-c. 940
-
Ala Khan..................................fl.
c. 900
-
Kingdom of Gujarat
-
CHAULUKYA (Solanki)
-
Mulraja I...................................c. 940-c. 995
-
Chamundaraja................................c. 995-c. 1010
-
Vallabharaja.......................................c. 1010
-
Occupied briefly by the Ghaznavid Empire (Afghanistan)
in this era.
-
Durlabharaja...............................c. 1010-c. 1022
-
Bhima I....................................c. 1022-c. 1064
-
Karnadeva I................................c. 1064-c. 1094
-
Jayasimha I................................c. 1094-c. 1125
-
Kumarapala.................................c. 1125-c. 1171
-
Ajayapala..................................c. 1171-c. 1176
-
Mulraja II.................................c. 1176-c. 1178
-
Bhima II...................................c. 1178-c. 1241 with...
-
Jayasimha II.......................................c. 1223
-
Tribhuvanapala.............................c. 1241-c. 1244
-
VAGHELA
-
Visala.....................................c. 1244-c. 1262
-
Arjuna.....................................c. 1262-c. 1275
-
Sarangadeva................................c. 1275-c. 1297
-
Karnadeva II...............................c. 1297-1304
-
To Delhi......................................1304-1391
-
ZAFARID
-
Zafar Khan....................................1391-1403
-
Muhammad Shah I Tatar.........................1403-1407
-
Muzaffar Shah.................................1407-1411
-
Ahmad Shah I Shihab ad-Din....................1411-1442
-
Muhammad Shah II Karim........................1442-1451
-
Ahmad Shah II Qutb ad-Din.....................1451-1458
-
Dawud Khan.........................................1458
-
Mahmud Shah I Begra Saif ad-Din...............1458-1511
-
Muzaffar Shah II..............................1511-1526
-
Sikandar...........................................1526
-
Mahmud Shah II.....................................1526
-
Bahadur Shah..................................1526-1535
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1535-1536
-
Bahadur Shah (restored).......................1536-1537
-
Mahmud Shah III...............................1537-1554
-
Ahmad Shah III................................1554-1561
-
Muzaffar Shah III.............................1561-1573
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1573-1583
-
Muzaffar Shah III (restored).......................1583
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1583-1728
-
To the Maratha Confederacy....................1728-1818
-
To Great Britain..............................1818-1948
-
To India thereafter...
GURKHA
A town in west-central Nepal, about 47 miles (75 km.) west-northwest of
Katmandu. This district, noted for it's pugnacious warriors, produced the
leaders who reunified Nepal after the era of Malla fragmentation, and is
also the source of Great Britain's famed Gurkha mercenary corps.
-
SAHA
-
Prithvi Pati.................................1669-1716
-
Narabhpati...................................1716-1742
-
Prithvi Barayana (K. of Nepal from 1768).....1742-1774
-
Within Nepal thereafter...
GWADAR (Gawadar)
A port city in extreme southwestern Pakistan, on the Baluchistani coast
about 45 miles (72 km.) from the Iranian frontier. An Omani possession
during much of the 1800's and early 1900's.
-
Within Baluchistan
to 1783
-
ALBUSA'IDI
-
Sultan ibn Ahmad (Sultan of Oman 1792-1806)...1783-1806
-
To Oman.......................................1792-mid
1800's
-
SARBAZID
-
Mir Dosten al-Sarbazi..............................mid 1800's
-
To Oman.................................mid 1800's-1956
-
To Pakistan thereafter...
GWALIORAn
important fortress and city in central India, about 160 miles (250 km.)
south-southeast of Delhi. During the latter 18th century, the rulers of
Gwalior were perhaps the most powerful among native Indian Princes, controlling
for a time Delhi itself.
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1751
-
SINDHIA
-
Ranoji (at Ujjain)............................1726-1745
-
Jayappa.......................................1745-1755
-
Jankoji I.....................................1755-1761
-
Madhava Rao I.................................1761-1780 d. 1794
-
To Great Britain...................................1780
-
Madhava Rao I.................................1780-1794
-
Daulat Rao....................................1794-1827
-
Jankoji Rao II................................1827-1843
-
To Great Britain...................................1843
-
Jayaji Rao....................................1843-1858 d. 1886
-
To Great Britain..............................1858-1948
-
Madhava Rao II...........................1886-1925
-
Jivaji Rao...............................1925-1948
-
To India thereafter...
HYDERABAD
In
south-central India, the largest of the raj principalities. By Indian standards,
the capital is a very young city, having been established in 1590.
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1685-1724
-
QAMARID
-
Asaf Jah......................................1724-1748
-
Mohammed Nasir Jung...........................1748-1750
-
Muzaffar Jang.................................1750-1751
-
Asaf ud-Dawlah Salabat Jang...................1751-1761
-
Nizam 'Ali....................................1761-1803
-
Sikandar Jah..................................1803-1829
-
Nasir ud-Dawlah...............................1829-1857
-
Afzal ud-Dawlah...............................1857-1869
-
Mahbub 'Ali Khan..............................1869-1911
-
Uthman 'Ali Khan Bahadur Jang.................1911-1948
-
To India thereafter...
INDORE
A city and district in central India, a Maratha stronghold. It is very
young by Indian standards, having been established as a trade market and
temple complex only in the early 18th century.
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1715-1728
-
HOLKAR
-
Malhar Rao I..................................1728-1764
-
Malle Rao.....................................1764-1766 with...
-
Ahalya Bai (fem.)..............................1765-1795
-
Tukoji........................................1795-1798
-
Jaswant Rao I.................................1798-1811
-
Malhar Rao II.................................1811-1834
-
Hari Rao......................................1834-1843
-
Tukoji Rao II.................................1843-1886
-
Sivaji Rao....................................1886-1903
-
Tukoji Rao III................................1903-1926
-
Jaswant Rao II................................1926-1948
-
To India......................................1948-
JAIPUR
A city in western India, 135 miles (215 km.) southwest of Delhi.
-
KACHWAHA
-
Dulha Rao..................................c. 1128-c. 1136
-
Kankal.....................................c. 1136- ?
-
Maidal
-
Hunadeva
-
Kantal I
-
Pujanadeva.....................................fl. c. 1185
-
Malesi
-
Byala
-
Rajadeva
-
Kilhan
-
Kantal II.....................................1276- ?
-
Jansi
-
Udayakarna
-
Nara Singh
-
Banbir
-
Udha Rao
-
Chandrasena
-
Prithvi I.....................................1502-1534
-
Bhima.........................................1534- ?
-
Ratan.......................................... ? -1547
-
Baharmalla....................................1547- ?
-
Bhagwan Das.................................... ? -1589
-
Man Singh I...................................1589-1614
-
Jagat Singh I......................................1614
-
Bhao Singh....................................1614-1622
-
Jaya Singh I..................................1622-1667
-
Rama Singh I..................................1667-1688
-
Bishan Singh..................................1688-1700
-
Sawai Jaya Singh II...........................1700-1743
-
Ishwari Singh.................................1743-1750
-
Madhu Singh I.................................1750-1768
-
Prithvi Singh II..............................1768-1778
-
Pratap Singh..................................1778-1803
-
Jagat Singh II................................1803-1818
-
Jaya Singh III................................1818-1835
-
Rama Singh II.................................1835-1881
-
Sawai Madhu Singh II..........................1881-1922
-
Sawai Man Singh II............................1922-1949
-
To India......................................1948-
JAISALMER
A city in western India, within the Thar desert about 70 miles (110 km.)
from the Pakistani frontier. Founded in the 12th century as a Rajput fort
and caravanserai, it is noted for it's libraries and archives, and for
the rich golden-coloured stone that its walls and towers are constructed
of.
-
BHATI
-
Jaisal........................................1156-c. 1180 >
-
Salivahan
-
Baijal
-
Kelan
-
Chachigdeva I..............................c. 1219-c. 1250
-
Karan Singh I..............................c. 1250-c. 1278
-
Lakhasena..................................c. 1278-c. 1281
-
Punyapala..........................................c. 1281
-
Jait Singh I...............................c. 1281-c. 1300
-
Mulraja I..........................................c. 1300
-
To Delhi...................................c.
1300-1399
-
Duda
-
Ghar Singh............................c. 1331-1361
-
Kehar....................................1361-
?
-
Lakhmana
-
To the Timurid Empire.........................1399-1413
-
To Delhi......................................1413-1526
-
Bairi Singh I............................1436-c.
1448
-
Chachigdeva II........................c. 1448-1467
-
Devidas..................................1467-1496
-
Jait Singh II............................1496-1528
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1818
-
Karan Singh II................................1528
-
Lunkaran.................................1528-1550
-
Malladeva................................1550-1561
-
Har Raja.................................1561-1577
-
Bhima....................................1577-1613
-
Kalyandas................................1613-1650
-
Manohardas....................................1650
-
Sabal Singh..............................1650-1661
-
Amar Singh...............................1661-1702
-
Jaswant Singh............................1702-1707
-
Budh Singh...............................1707-1721
-
Tej Singh................................1721-1722
-
Sawai Singh...................................1722
-
Akhai Singh..............................1722-1762
-
Mulraja II...............................1762-1819
-
To Great Britain..............................1818-1948
-
Gaja Singh...............................1819-1846
-
Ranjit Singh.............................1846-1864
-
Bairi Singh II...........................1864-1891
-
Salivahan II.............................1891-1914
-
Jawahir Singh............................1914-1949
-
Girdhar Singh.................................1949
-
To India thereafter...
JAUNPUR
A large but ultimately ephemeral state in the Ganges watershed, based on
the city of Jaunpur, north of Benares.
-
The modern city was established as a frontier fort
of Delhi in 1360, situated on the site of an earlier city that had been
destroyed by floods. The eunuch Sarwar, who conquered Awadh on behalf of
Delhi, persuaded his master, the last Tughluqid dynast, to permit him the
title of King, and passed on his state as a fully sovereign territory to
his adopted heir upon the disruption of Delhi by Timur.
-
SHARQI
-
Malik Sarwar Khwaja-yi Jahan..................1394-1399
-
Malik Qaranful Mubarrak Shah..................1399-1401
-
Ibrahim Shams-ud-Din..........................1401-1440
-
Mahmud Shah...................................1440-1458
-
Mohammed Shah Bhikan Khan..........................1458
-
Husayn Shah...................................1458-1483 d. 1505
-
To Delhi......................................1483-1526
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1722
-
Mostly to Awadh...............................1722-1775
-
To Great Britain..............................1775-1948
-
To India thereafter...
JODHPUR
A city on the edge of the Great Thar desert, in western India, roughly
350 miles (560 km.) southwest of Delhi, and approximately 180 miles (290
km.) east of the Pakistani frontier.
-
RATHOR
-
Chunda Rao....................................1382- ?
-
Kanha
-
Sata
-
Ranamalla
-
Jodha.........................................1438-1488
-
Satal.........................................1488-1491
-
Suja..........................................1491-1515
-
Ganga.........................................1515-1532
-
Malladeva.....................................1532-1584
-
Udaya Singh Raja..............................1584-1595
-
Sura Singh....................................1595-1620
-
Gaja Singh....................................1620-1638
-
Jaswant Singh I...............................1638-1680
-
Ajit Singh....................................1680-1725
-
Abhaya Singh Maharaja.........................1725-1750
-
Rama Singh....................................1750-1751 d. 1773
-
Bakht Singh...................................1751-1752
-
Vijaya Singh.......................................1752 d. 1792
-
Rama Singh (restored).........................1752-1773
-
Vijaya Singh (restored).......................1773-1792
-
Bhim Singh....................................1792-1803
-
Man Singh.....................................1803-1843
-
Takht Singh...................................1843-1873
-
Jaswant Singh II..............................1873-1895
-
Sardar Singh..................................1895-1911
-
Sumer Singh...................................1911-1918
-
Umaid Singh...................................1918-1947
-
Hanwant Singh.................................1947-1949
-
To India......................................1948-
KASHMIR This state
is located HERE.
KATMANDU
In central Nepal, it's largest city and since 1768 the capital. During
the centuries of fragmentation during Malla rule, Katmandu was a separate
Kingdom.
-
To Nepal until c. 1482
-
MALLA
-
Ramamalla..................................c. 1482-c. 1520
-
Suryamalla.................................c. 1520-c. 1530
-
Amaramalla.................................c. 1530-c. 1538
-
Narendramalla..............................c. 1538-c. 1560
-
Mahendramalla..............................c. 1560-c. 1574
-
Sadashivamalla.............................c. 1574-c. 1583 with...
-
Shivasimhamalla............................c. 1578-c. 1620
-
Lakshminarasimhamalla......................c. 1620-c. 1641
-
Pratapamalla...............................c. 1641-c. 1674
-
Jayanripendramalla.........................c. 1674-c. 1680
-
Parthivendramalla..........................c. 1680-c. 1687
-
Bhupendramalla.............................c. 1687-c. 1700
-
Bhaskaramalla..............................c. 1700-c. 1714
-
Mahendrasimhamalla.........................c. 1714-1722
-
Jagajjayamalla................................1722-1736
-
Jayaprakasamalla..............................1736-1768
-
To Gurkha and thence Nepal once
more...
KERALA
An Indian state located along the southwestern coast of the subcontinent,
from Mangalore in the north to Trivandrum in the south, and including such
locales as Cannanore, Pondicherry,
Calicut, and Cochin. The region is very ancient,
and because of its geographic situation has seen a great many diverse influence
not encountered elsewhere in India - it is here that St. Thomas is reputed
to have travelled, a Jewish colony was established at Cranganore in the
1st century CE, and this is where Portuguese and later Dutch explorers
first landed in India.
-
Kingdom of KeralaputraA
Dravidian Kingdom, known to have traded extensively with Babylonians, Egyptians,
Greeks, Romans, and Chinese.
-
No names of these Kings at this time, 3rd cent. BCE-5th
cent. CE
-
A poorly documented era..................5th
cent.-9th cent.
-
KULASEKHARA
-
Kulasekhara Alwar...........................c. 800-c. 820
-
Rajasekharavarman...........................c. 820-844
-
Sthanu Ravivarman..............................844-885
-
Ramavarma......................................885-917
-
Goda Ravivarma.................................917-944
-
Indu Kothavarma................................944-962
-
Bhaskara Ravivarman I..........................962-1019 with...
-
Bhaskara Ravivarman II.........................979-1021
-
Vira Kerala...................................1021-1028
-
Rajasimha.....................................1028-1043
-
Bhaskara Ravivarman III.......................1043-1082
-
Ravi Ramavarma................................1082-1090
-
Ramavarma Kulasekhara.........................1090-1102
-
In the 12th century Kulasekharan hegemony over the
region disintegrated as a result of chronic warfare with the Chola Empire,
and the area was partitioned into a number of smaller states. The Kulasekharans
themselves retained control over...
-
Rajas of Venad
-
Kotha Varma...................................1102-1125
-
Kotha Kerala Varma............................1125-1155
-
Vira Ravi Varma...............................1155-1165
-
Aditya Varma I................................1165-1175
-
Udaya Marthanda Varma.........................1175-1195
-
Vira Rama Varma...............................1195-1205
-
Vira Rama Kerala Varma........................1205-1215
-
Ravi Kerala Varma I...........................1215-1240
-
Padmanabha Marthanda Varma....................1240-1253
-
To Delhi......................................1253-1299
-
Ravi Varma Kulasekhara........................1299-1314
-
Ravi Varma Kulasekhara managed to reunite Kerala,
and indeed much of southern India, under his rule - but he died at a young
age, and his empire was dispersed quickly thereafter.
-
Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma....................1314-1344
-
Kunnumel Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvati...........1344-1350
-
Iravi Iravi Varma.............................1350-1376
-
Aditya Varma Sarvanyanatha....................1376-1383
-
Chera Udaya Varma.............................1383-1444
-
Ravi Varma I..................................1444-1458
-
Sri Vira Rama Marthanda Varma Kulasekhara.....1458-1469
-
Kotha Aditya Varma............................1469-1484
-
Ravi Ravi Varma...............................1484-1512
-
Ravi Kerala Varma II..........................1512-1514
-
Jayasimha Kerala Varma........................1514-1516
-
Bhutalavira Sri Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma....1516-1535
-
Bhutalavira Ravi Varma........................1535- ?
-
Rama Kerala Varma
-
Aditya Varma II................................ ? -1544
-
Sri Vira Kerala Varma.........................1544-1545
-
Rama Varma I..................................1545-1556
-
Unni Kerala Varma.............................1556- ?
-
Sri Vira Udaya Varma........................... ? -1595
-
Sri Vira Ravi Varma...........................1595-1609
-
Aditya Varma III..............................1609-1610
-
Rama Varma II......................................1610
-
Rama Varma III................................1610-1611
-
Ravi Varma II.................................1611-1663
-
Ravi Varma III................................1663-1672
-
Aditya Varma IV...............................1672-1677
-
Ummayama Rani (fem.)...........................1677-1684
-
Ravi Varma IV.................................1684-1714
-
Aditya Varma V................................1714-1721
-
Rama Varma IV.................................1721-1729
-
Maharajas of Travancore
-
Marthanda Varma...............................1729-1758
-
Marthanda Varma succeeded in establishing a powerful
Keralan state once again, based at Travancore - capping his authority by
crushing the Dutch in 1741. But chronic invasions from Mysore in the next
generation fundamentally weakened Travancore, and it slipped under British
rule by the end of the 18th century.
-
Kartika Tirunal Rama Varma....................1758-1798
-
To Great Britain..............................1795-1948
-
Balarama Varma...........................1798-1810
-
Gouri Laksmi Bai (fem.)...................1810-1815
-
Gouri Parvati Bai (fem.)..................1815-1829
-
Swati Tirunal............................1829-1847
-
Utram Tirunal Marthanda Varma............1847-1860
-
Ayilam Tirunal...........................1860-1880
-
Rama Varma Tirunal Rama Varma............1880-1885
-
Sri Mulam Tirunal Rama Varma.............1885-1924
-
Setu Laksmi Bai (fem.)....................1924-1931
-
Sri Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma........1931-1949
-
To India thereafter...
KOLHAPUR A
Marathan state within central India.
-
BHONSLE
-
Sivaji I......................................1700-1712
-
Shambhuji.....................................1712-1760
-
Sivaji II.....................................1760-1812
-
Shambhu.......................................1812-1821
-
Shahaji I.....................................1821-1837
-
Sivaji III....................................1837-1866
-
Rajaram I.....................................1866-1870
-
Sivaji IV.....................................1870-1883
-
Shahu.........................................1883-1922
-
Rajaram II....................................1922-1940
-
To Great Britain..............................1940-1942
-
Sivaji V......................................1942-1947
-
Shahaji II....................................1947-1949
-
To India......................................1948-
KUTCH A
district on the coastal portion of the India/Pakistan frontier, to a large
extent involving an extensive salt-flats (the Great Rann of Kutch) adjacent
to the Gulf of Kutch, an arm of the Arabian Sea extending toward Gujarat.
At the time of Alexander's invasion (4th century BCE) the Rann was a shallow
but navigable lake, but subsequent centuries of silting have made a mud
flat of it, and settlement within the Rann is limited to what hills are
present.
-
CHAVADA RAJPUT
-
Jado (1st Jam)
-
Lakho Jadani..................................1147-1175
-
Ratto Rayadhan................................1175-1215
-
Othoji........................................1215-1255
-
Gaoji.........................................1255-1285
-
Vahenji.......................................1285-1321
-
SAMMA RAJPUT
-
Murvoji.......................................1321-1347
-
Kaiyaji.......................................1347-1386
-
Amarji........................................1386-1429
-
Bheemji.......................................1429-1472
-
Hamirji.......................................1472-1510
-
Khengarji I (1st Rao).........................1510-1586
-
Bharmalji I...................................1586-1632
-
Bhojrajji.....................................1632-1645
-
Khengarji II..................................1645-1654
-
Tamachiji.....................................1655-1666
-
Rayadhanji I..................................1666-1698
-
Pragmalji I (1st Maharao).....................1698-1715
-
Gohodaji I....................................1715-1719
-
Deshalji I....................................1719-1741
-
Lakhpatji.....................................1741-1761
-
Gohodaji II...................................1761-1779
-
Rayadhanji II.................................1779-1813
-
To Sind.......................................1813-1814
-
To Great Britain..............................1815-1948
-
Bharmalji II.............................1814-1819
-
Deshalji II..............................1819-1861
-
Pragmalji II.............................1861-1876
-
Khengarji III............................1876-1942
-
Vijayaraja...............................1942-1948
-
Madan Singh...................................1948
-
To Afghanistan................................1152-1215
-
To India thereafter; but there have been persistent
border disputes with Pakistan in this region. From 1965 Pakistan has held
about ten percent, while India retains the remainder.
LADAKH This Tibetan state
is located HERE.
LAHORE
In north-central Pakistan, about 20 miles from the Indian frontier. This
place is the source for the fabled Koh-I-Noor diamond, once a possession
of the Royal Family, and now one of the chief Crown Jewels of Great Britain.
-
To Harappa.................................c.
2500-c. 1750
-
Aryan invasions from 1600/1400 BCE
-
Kingdom of Purus ?
-
Poros (Paurava ?)........................fl.
< 330-321/15
-
"Poros" was the leader of a local state in the Lahore-Kashmir
region who strongly resisted the onslaught of the Macedonian invasion.
Though unsuccessful, his defense was so spirited that Alexander spared
him and retain him as vassal within his lands. He is known only through
Hellenic sources - Vedic sources do not refer to him or his state. The
Purus were a tribe known to have been active in that general region about
the same time.
-
To the Mauryan Empire.......................c.
315-c. 200
-
?
-
To Bactria (Menandrid)......................c.
150-c. 130
-
To Sakae (local rule by Bactrian vassals)...c.
130-c. 80
-
To Suren, as a Parthian client...............c.
80-c. 60
-
To Suren, as a Kushanid client...........c. 60
BCE-c. 125 CE >
-
The Kushan Empire withered from the 3rd century and
began fragmenting as local provinces sought autonomy. One such region was
the Kidara Confederacy, stretching across what is now northern Pakistan,
from Jammu and Kashmir in the east, to Lahore and Peshawar in the west.
-
Kidara Confederacy
-
Kidara.........................................fl.
c. 340
-
?
-
Hephtalite (White Hun) invasions, 5th and 6th
centuries.
-
To the Caliphate...............................652-867
-
To Persia......................................867-900
-
To Bokhara.....................................900-999
-
To the Ghaznavid Empire........................999-1090's
-
To the Seljuqs..............................1090's-1152
-
To Ghurid Empire (Afghanistan)................1152-1215
-
To Khwarazm...................................1215-1221
-
Mongols and Il-Khanate successors.............1221-1398
-
City destroyed and district depopulated.......1398-1422
-
To Delhi......................................1422-1524
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1524-1740
-
To Persia.....................................1740-1747
-
To Afghanistan................................1747-1799
-
SIKH For
further commentary on the Sikhs, see below.
-
Ranjit Singh..................................1799-1839
-
Kharak Singh..................................1839-1840
-
Nao Nehal Singh....................................1840
-
Chand Kaur (fem.)..............................1840-1841
-
Sher Singh....................................1841-1843
-
Duleep Singh..................................1843-1849 d. 1893
-
To Great Britain..............................1849-1947
-
Partitioned between India and Pakistan...
MADURAI
A city in the far south of India, roughly 130 miles (210 km.) north of
the tip of Comorin Cape.
-
To Chola Empire.............................c.
850-1279
-
To Delhi......................................1279-1334
-
Djalal ud-Din Ahsan Shah......................1334-1339
-
Aladdin Udauji Shah...........................1339-1341
-
Qutb ud-Din Firuz Shah.............................1341
-
Ghiyath ud-Din Mohammed Shah..................1341-1345
-
Nasr ud-Din Mahmud Ghazi Shah.................1345-1356
-
'Adil Shah....................................1356-1360
-
Fakr ud-Din Mubarak Shah......................1360-1372
-
Aladdin Sikaqnder Shah........................1372-1378
-
To Vijayanagar................................1378-1529
-
NAYYAK
-
Vishvanatha...................................1529-1564
-
Krishnappa I..................................1564-1572
-
Virappa.......................................1572-1595
-
Krishnappa II.................................1595-1601
-
Muttu Krishnappa..............................1601-1609
-
Muttu Virappa I...............................1609-1623
-
Tirumala......................................1623-1659
-
Muttu Virappa II..............................1659-1682 with...
-
Chokkanatha...................................1659-1678 and then...
-
Muttu Linga...................................1678-1682
-
Muttu Virappa III.............................1682-1689
-
Mangammal (fem.)...............................1689-1706
-
Vijayaranga Chokkanatha.......................1706-1732
-
Minakshi (fem.)................................1732-1736
-
To France.....................................1736-1763
-
To Great Britain..............................1763-1948
-
To India......................................1948-
MAGADHA
An ancient kingdom in east-central India, in modern Bihar state. Comprising
the vast Ganges plain to the west of Bengal, Magadha has been the core
of several Indian Empires, and it's territory has been the scene of a great
deal of Indian historical and cultural experience.
-
The Brhadrathans are an early Magadhan dynasty referred
to almost entirely within traditional texts; their historicity is therefore
subject to much interpretation. The nominal dates are one example; they
are based entirely on analyzed assumptions regarding average length of
reign, tied to when it is thought the Haryanka dynasts assumed power -
modern Indian historians generally assume longer reigns and a considerably
earlier start date.
-
BRHADRATHA
-
Brhadratha....................................fl. c. 1360 BCE ?
-
Kushagra
-
Rsabha
-
Puspavana.....................................fl. c. 1300 ?
-
Suchi (Magadha)
-
Sudhanva
-
Jantu
-
Nabha (Sambhava)
-
Jarasandha (Magadha)..........................fl.
c. 1200 ?
-
Sahadeva
-
Maghasandhi; Somapi
-
Shrutashrava
-
Ayutaya
-
Niramitra.....................................fl. c. 1100 ?
-
Suksatra
-
Brhatkarman
-
Senajit
-
Shrutanjaya
-
Vipra/Vibhu...................................fl. c. 1000 ?
-
Shuci
-
Ksemya
-
Suvrata
-
Dharmanetra
-
Nirvrati, Sushrama............................fl. c. 900 ?
-
Drdhasena
-
Sumati
-
Suvala
-
Sunita
-
Satyajit......................................fl. c. 800 ?
-
Vishvajit
-
Ripunjaya
-
Sunika/Punika
-
Pradyota
-
Palaka........................................fl. c. 700 ?
-
Vishakhayupa
-
Janaka
-
Nandivardhana
-
Shishunaga
-
Kakavarna.....................................fl. c. 600 ?
-
Kshemadharman
-
Kshatraujas
-
HARYANKA
-
Bimbisara..................................c. 543-c. 491 BCE
-
Ajatashatru................................c. 491-c. 459
-
Udayin (Udayibhadra).......................c. 459-c. 443
-
Anuruddha..................................c. 443-c. 439
-
Munda......................................c. 439-c. 435
-
Nagadasaka.................................c. 435-410
-
SISUNAGA
-
Sisunaga......................................410-392
-
Kalasoka......................................392-380
-
Ten sons of Kalasoka, Nandivardhana being
the most prominent (22 years)
-
Ksemadharman
-
Ksemajit or Ksatraujas
-
Bimbisara
-
Mahanandin
-
The Sisunaga dynasty was overthrown by an illegitimate
son of its last king, who founded the short-lived Nanda dynasty. This was
in turn overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya, who made Magadha the center
of his Indian empire.
-
NANDA
-
Mahapadma Nanda.............................c. 350- ? followed by...
-
his eight sons, names unknown
-
MAURYA
-
Chandragupta Maurya.........................c. 320-c. 300
-
And so on to c. 187 BCE, see India...
-
The Mauryan Empire, based in this region, quickly
expanded to encompass all of northern India. Mauryan sovereigns are listed
in the section on Greater India. By c. 187, the Empire could no longer
retain control over the bulk of the subcontinent, and Magadha became once
more a regional state.
-
SUNGA
-
Pushyamatra Sunga...........................c. 187-c. 151
-
Agnimitra...................................c. 151-c. 143
-
Vasujyeshtha................................c. 143-c. 133
-
Vasumitra...................................c. 133- ?
-
Andhraka
-
Pulindaka
-
Ghosha
-
Vajramitra
-
Bhagavata
-
Devabhumi....................................c. 85-c. 75
-
KANVA
-
Vasudeva.....................................c. 75-c. 66
-
Bhumimitra...................................c. 66-c. 52
-
Narayana.....................................c. 52-c. 40
-
Susarman.....................................c. 40-c. 30
-
To Maharashtra...........................c.
30 BCE-c. 220 CE
-
unknown.....................................c.
220-c. 275
-
GUPTA
-
Gupta.......................................c. 275-c. 300
-
And so on to c. 550 CE, see India...
-
Once more, Magadha became the core of a subcontinental
empire with the advent of the Guptas. The Guptid list can be found within
Greater India above. By 550 CE, the Empire had lost cohesion and Magadha
once more sank into purely regional and local concerns.
-
Unknown sequence.............................550's-1193
-
To the Ghurids................................1193-1213
-
To Delhi......................................1213-early
1500's
-
To the Mughals........................early 1500's-1765
-
To Great Britain (incorporated into Bengal)...1765-1947
-
Largely to India; some eastern portions to Pakistan,
and Bangladesh thereafter...
MAHARASHTRA
The bulk of the central Indian plateau, with a very long and complex history.
Here is a general framework for recent states in the region.
-
SATAVAHANA Note
well; the dating of Satavahana reigns is not well understood, and there
are a variety of schemes. The following dates are fairly late, but there
are others who advocate sequences as much as 50 years earlier (see Tapsell,
in the bibliography for an example).
-
Simuka......................................c. 223-c. 205
-
Krishna.....................................c. 205-c. 187
-
Satakarni I.................................c. 187-c. 177
-
Purnotsanga.................................c. 177-c. 159
-
Skandastambhi...............................c. 159-c. 141
-
Satakarni II................................c. 141-c. 85
-
Lambodara....................................c. 85-c. 67
-
Apilaka......................................c. 67-c. 55
-
Meghasvati...................................c. 55-c. 37
-
Svati........................................c. 37-c. 19
-
Skandasvati..................................c. 19-c. 12
-
Mrigendra Svatikarna.........................c. 12-c. 9
-
Kuntala Svatikarna............................c. 9-c. 1
-
Svatikarna................................c. 1 BCE-c. 1 CE
-
Pulumavi I....................................c. 1-c. 25
-
Gaurakrishna.................................c. 25-c. 50
-
Hala.........................................c. 50-c. 51
-
Mandulaka....................................c. 51-c. 56
-
Purindrasena.................................c. 56-c. 77
-
Sundara Svatikarni...........................c. 77-c. 78
-
Chakora Svatikarna.................................c. 78
-
Sivasvati....................................c. 78-c. 106
-
Gautamiputra Satakarni......................c. 106-c. 130
-
Pulumavi II Vasishthiputra..................c. 130-c. 159
-
Siva Sri Satakarni..........................c. 159-c. 166
-
Sivaskanda Satakarni........................c. 166-c. 174
-
Yajma Sri Satakarni.........................c. 174-c. 203
-
Vijaya......................................c. 203-c. 209
-
Chandra Sri Satakarni.......................c. 209-c. 212
-
Pulumavi III................................c. 212-c. 220
-
Satavahana Empire disintigrates into local states
from the 3rd century. Vakataka dynasts recover much of the empire...
-
VAKATAKA
-
Vindhyasakti................................c. 250-c. 270
-
Pravarasena.................................c. 270-c. 330
-
Rudrasena I.................................c. 330-c. 355
-
Prithvishena I..............................c. 355-c. 380
-
Rudrasena II................................c. 380-c. 385
-
Divakarasena................................c. 385-c. 400
-
Prabhavatigupta (fem.),
Regent c. 385-c. 405
-
Damodarasena................................c. 400-c. 440
-
Narendrasena................................c. 440-c. 460
-
Prithvishena II.............................c. 460-c. 480
-
Harishena...................................c. 480-c. 510
-
Further disorders, followed by the emergence of the
Chalukyas.
-
CHALUKYA - Badami
-
Pulakesin I....................................543-566
-
Kirtivarman I..................................566-597
-
Mangalesa......................................597-609
-
Pulakesin II...................................609-642
-
vacant
-
Vikramaditya I.................................655-680
-
Vinayaditya....................................680-696
-
Vijayaditya....................................696-733
-
Vikramaditya II................................733-746
-
Kirtivarman II.................................746-757 opposed by...
-
RASHTRAKUTA
-
Dantidurga.....................................754-768
-
Krishna I......................................768-783
-
Govinda I......................................768- ?
-
Dhruva
-
Govinda II.....................................793-814
-
Amoghavarsha I.................................814-877
-
Krishna II.....................................877-915
-
Indra I........................................915-917
-
Amoghavarsha II................................917-918
-
Govinda III....................................918-934
-
Amoghavarsha III...............................934-939
-
Krishna III....................................939-968
-
Khottiga.......................................968-972
-
Karka Amoghhavarsha IV.........................972-973
-
Indra II.......................................973-982 opposed by...
-
CHALUKYA - Kalyana
-
Taila Ahavamalla...............................973-997
-
Satyasraya Irivabedanga........................997-1008
-
Vikramaditya I................................1008-1014
-
Ayyana........................................1014-1015
-
Jayasimha.....................................1015-1042
-
Somesvara I...................................1042-1068
-
Somesvara II..................................1068-1076
-
Vikramaditya II...............................1076-1127
-
Somesvara III.................................1127-1138
-
Jagadekamalla.................................1138-1151
-
Tailapa.......................................1151-1156
-
KALACHURI
-
Bijjala.......................................1156-1168
-
Somesvara.....................................1168-1177
-
Sankama.......................................1177-1180
-
Ahavamalla....................................1180-1183
-
Singhana......................................1183-1184
-
CHALUKYA
-
Somesvara IV..................................1184-1200
-
YADAVA
-
Singhana......................................1200-1247
-
Krishna.......................................1247-1261
-
Mahadeva......................................1261-1271
-
Amana..............................................1271
-
Ramachandra...................................1271-1311
-
Sankaradeva...................................1311-1313
-
Harapaladeva..................................1313-1317
-
To Delhi......................................1317-1347
-
Sultanate of the DECCAN
-
BAHMANID
-
Aladdin Hassan Bahman Shah....................1347-1358
-
Mohammed Shah I...............................1358-1375
-
Aladdin Mujahid Shah..........................1375-1378
-
Da'ud Shah.........................................1378
-
Mohammed Shah II..............................1378-1397
-
Ghiyath ud-Din.....................................1397
-
Shams ud-Din.......................................1397
-
Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah.........................1397-1422
-
Ahmad Shah I Wali.............................1422-1436
-
Aladdin Ahmad Shah II.........................1436-1458
-
Aladdin Humayun Zalim Shah....................1458-1461
-
Nizam Shah....................................1461-1463
-
Mohammed Shah III Lashkari....................1463-1482
-
Mahmud Shah...................................1482-1518
-
Ahmad Shah III................................1518-1521
-
Aladdin.......................................1521-1522
-
Wali-Allah Shah...............................1522-1525
-
Kalim-Allah Shah..............................1525-1527
-
By the end of the 15th century, the Deccan had fragmented
into competing statelets; the five of primary significance were Ahmadnagar,
Berar,
Bidar,
Bijapur,
and Golkonda.
-
To the Mughal Empire piecemeal, 1633/87
-
In the latter 17th century,
a nationalist revolution erupted out of the Bijapur area, leading to a
revival of Hinduism and native Indian strength in their own land. The instigator
of this movement, Sivaji the Great, established a new Hindu kingdom within
western Maharashtra at Satara, within the old Deccan successor state of
Bijapur. See also the Peshwas at Poona for leaders
of the Maratha Confederation.
-
BHONSLE
-
Sivaji I the Great....................(1655-) 1674-1680
-
Shambhuji I...................................1680-1689
-
Rajaram.......................................1689-1700
-
Tara Bai (fem.)................................1700-1708
-
Shahu I.......................................1708-1749
-
Ramaraja......................................1749-1777
-
Shahu II......................................1777-1808
-
Pratap Singh..................................1808-1839
-
Shahji Raja...................................1839-1848
-
To Great Britain thereafter...
MALWA
An Indo-Aryan kingdom in west-central India - the tableland to the north
of the Vindhya Range.
-
KSHATRAPA
-
Castana........................................110- ? CE
-
Rudradaman I
-
Damajadasri I..................................170-175
-
Jivadaman..........................................175 d. 199
-
Rudrasimha I...................................175-188 d. 197
-
Isvaradatta....................................188-191
-
Rudrasimha I (restored)........................191-197
-
Jivadaman (restored)...........................197-199
-
Rudrasena I....................................200-222
-
Samghadaman....................................222-223
-
Damasena.......................................223-232
-
Damajadasri II.................................232-239 with...
-
Viradaman......................................234-238
-
Yasodaman I........................................239
-
Vijayasena.....................................239-250
-
Damajadasri III................................251-255
-
Rudrasena II...................................255-277
-
Visvasimha.....................................277-282
-
Bhartridaman...................................282-295 with...
-
Visvasena......................................293-304
-
Rudrasimha II..................................304-348 with...
-
Yasodaman II...................................317-332
-
Rudradaman II..................................332-348
-
Rudrasena III..................................348-380
-
Simhasena......................................380- ?
-
To the Gupta Empire 382
-
Rudrasena IV
-
Rudrasimha III............................388-395
-
To the Gupta Empire directly...................395-c.
750
-
To the Pratiharas...........................c.
750-c. 800
-
PARAMARA
-
Upendra.....................................c. 800-c. 818
-
Vairisimha I................................c. 818-c. 843
-
Siyaka I....................................c. 843-c. 893
-
Vakpati.....................................c. 893-c. 918
-
Vairisimha II...............................c. 918-c. 948
-
Siyaka II...................................c. 948-c. 974
-
Vakpatiraja.................................c. 974-c. 995
-
Sindhuraja..................................c. 995-c. 1010
-
Bhoja I....................................c. 1010-c. 1055
-
Jayasimha I................................c. 1055-c. 1060
-
Udayaditya.................................c. 1060-c. 1087
-
Lakshmanadeva..............................c. 1087-c. 1097
-
Naravarman.................................c. 1097-c. 1134
-
Yasovarman.................................c. 1134-c. 1142
-
Jayavarman I...............................c. 1142-c. 1160
-
Vindhyavarman..............................c. 1160-c. 1193
-
Subhatavarman..............................c. 1193-c. 1210
-
Arjunavarman I.............................c. 1210-c. 1218
-
Devapala...................................c. 1218-c. 1239
-
Jaitugideva................................c. 1239-c. 1256
-
Jayavarman II..............................c. 1256-c. 1269
-
Jayasimha II...............................c. 1269-c. 1274
-
Arjunavarman II............................c. 1274-c. 1283
-
Bhoja II...................................c. 1283- ?
-
Mahlakadeva..................................c. ? -c. 1305
-
To Delhi...................................c.
1305-1390
-
GHURID
-
Dilavar Khan Husain...........................1390-1405
-
Alp Khan Hushang..............................1405-1435
-
Ghazni Khan Muhamnmad.........................1435-1436
-
Mas'ud Khan........................................1436
-
KHALJI
-
Mahmud Shah I.................................1436-1469
-
Ghiyath Shah..................................1469-1500
-
Nasr Shah.....................................1500-1511
-
Mahmud Shah II................................1511-1531
-
To Gujarat....................................1531-1535
-
Qadirid
-
Qadir Shah....................................1535-1542
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1542-1555
-
Shaja'atid
-
Shaja'at Khan......................................1555
-
Miyan Bayezid Baz Bahadur.....................1555-1562
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1562-1720's
-
To the Maratha Confederacy..................1720's-1818
-
To Great Britain..............................1818-1948
-
To India thereafter...
MANIPUR
A region, now a State of India, located in the far northeast - it is bordered
by Assam to the west, Nagaland to the north, and Burma to the east and
south. It is a hilly country, and difficult to access - the dominant people
here are the Meithei, a folk related to Tibetans and Burmese.
-
The Meithei maintain a traditional listing of sovereigns
reaching back to a remote past. As I have done with other chronologies,
I include this material here, with the normal caveat about taking the dating
too seriously...
-
Taangja Leelaa Paakhangba.....................1445-1405 BCE
-
Ningthou Kangba...............................1405-1359
-
Maria Fambaalchaa.............................1359-1329
-
Ningthou Kaksuba..............................1329-1297
-
Ningthou Tonkonba.............................1297-1276
-
Ningthou Pottingkoi...........................1276-1251
-
Ningthou Laanbicha............................1251-1229
-
Ningthou Sapaiba..............................1229-1209
-
Ningthou Puthiba..............................1209-1199
-
Khoiyum Ingouba
-
Khing Khing Laangba
-
Ngaangjeng Leitakpa
-
Khing Khing Ngaangba
-
Sana Manik
-
Toukai Ngamba
-
Tingkoi Ngamba
-
Korou Nongdren Paakhangba
-
Sentreng (and Kuptreng the Elder)
-
Mechi Sanaa
-
Khuman Lalheiba
-
Ahong Ningthou Haanba
-
Ninghthou Kaangba
-
Lamyaingamba
-
Samlunghphaa....................................44-34
-
Poireiton Khunthokpa............................34-18
-
Singtabung......................................18-8
-
Paangminnaba.....................................8-1
-
Luwaang Khunthiba............................1 BCE-5 CE
-
Luwaang Punshiba.................................5-33
-
Nongda Lairen Pakhangba.........................33-153
sic...
-
Khuiyoi Tompok.................................153-263
sic...
-
Taothingmang...................................263-363
sic...
-
Khui Ningomba..................................363-378
-
Pengsiba.......................................378-393
-
Kaokhangba.....................................393-410
-
Naokhamba......................................410-427
-
Naophangba.....................................427-517
-
Sameiraang.....................................517-567
-
Uraa Konthouba.................................567-657
-
?
-
Naothingkhong..................................662-762
-
Khongtekchaa...................................762-772
-
?
-
Keirencha......................................783-798
-
Yaaraba........................................798-820
-
Ayaangba.......................................820-909
-
Ningthou Cheng.................................909-948
-
Chenglei Ipaan Laangba.........................948-968
-
Yanglou Keiphaba...............................968-983
-
Kainou Irengba.................................983-1073
sic...
-
Loiyumba......................................1073-1121
-
Loitongba.....................................1121-1149
-
Atom Yoiremba.................................1149-1162
-
Hemtou Iwaan Thaaba...........................1162-1194
-
Thawaan Thaba.................................1194-1230
-
Chingthaang Laanthaaba........................1230-1241
-
Thingbai Selhongba............................1241-1246
-
Puroon Thaaba.................................1246-1262
-
Khumomba......................................1262-1277
-
Moraamba......................................1277-1301
-
Thaangbi Laanthaaba...........................1301-1323
-
Kongyaamba....................................1323-1334
-
Telheiba......................................1334-1354
-
Tonaaba.......................................1354-1359
-
Tabungba......................................1359-1394
-
Lairemba......................................1394-1399
-
Pengshiba.....................................1399-1432
-
Ningthou Khomba...............................1432-1467
-
Senbi Kiyaamba................................1467-1507
-
Koiremba......................................1507-1511
-
Chingkhong Lamgai Ngamba......................1511-1522
-
Nongyin Phaaba................................1522-1523
-
Senbi Khomba..................................1523-1541
-
Taangjaamba...................................1541-1544
-
Chalaamba.....................................1544-1561
-
Mungyaamba....................................1561-1596
-
Khagemba......................................1596-1651
-
Khunjaoba.....................................1651-1665
-
Paikhomba.....................................1665-1696
-
Charairongba..................................1696-1708
-
Paamheiba.....................................1708-1747
-
Chit Sai......................................1747-1751
-
Bhorot Sai....................................1751-1752
-
Maraamba......................................1752-1758
-
Chingthang Khomba.............................1758-1761
-
Maramba.......................................1761-1763
-
Before 1762, Manipur was almost entirely unknown
outside it's local region and consequently the sequence of rulers and dates
is derived exclusively from traditional sources. In that year, the Raja
called upon the British to assist in repeling a Burmese invasion. A further
request to again expel Burmese invaders came in 1824, and after that Manipur
begins to emerge. A series of disputed successions culminated in a serious
uprising in 1891, leading the British to take a more active role in management.
-
Chingthang Khomba.............................1763-1798
-
Labeinachandra................................1798-1801
-
Madhuchandra..................................1801-1804
-
Chourjit......................................1804-1814
-
Marjit........................................1814-1819
-
Herachandra... Seven anarchic years: opposed by...
-
Yumjaotaba and...
-
Gambhirsing and...
-
Joysing and...
-
Jadusing and...
-
Raadhop and...
-
Bhadra
-
Gambhirsing...................................1826-1834
-
Chandrakirti..................................1834-1844
-
Narasingh.....................................1844-1850
-
Devendra...........................................1850
-
Chandrakirti..................................1850-1885
-
Surchandra....................................1886-1890
-
Kullachandra..................................1890-1891
-
Protectorate of Great Britain.................1891-1949
-
Churachand...............................1891-1941
-
Budhachandra.............................1941-1955
-
To India 1949-
The MARATHA CONFEDERACY
The
Marathas (Mahratta) are a people of central India, primarily
Maharashtra
State. A vigourous and often turbulent folk, they are best known outside
India today as the impetus behind the Hindu revival which occured in the
latter 17th century under Sivaji the Great, who carved a state out of Mughal
territory in western Maharashtra. The movement extended itself to many
parts of India in the ensuing generation, but real political unity was
proved impossible to create. As a response, Sivaji's grandson Shahu I granted
considerable authority to the Bhat family as hereditary Prime Ministers
(Peshwas) and proceeded with Peshwa control of Marathan armies to expand
his power base and that of other maratha associate states. After Shahus
death in 1749, the Peshwas were the effective rulers of the confederation.
-
PESHWA - located
at Poona
-
Balaji Vishvanath.............................1713-1720
-
Baji Rao I....................................1720-1740
-
Balaji Baji Rao...............................1740-1761
-
Madhava Rao Ballal............................1761-1772
-
Narayan Rao...................................1772-1773
-
Raghunath Rao.................................1773-1774
-
Madhava Rao Narayan...........................1774-1796
-
Chimnaji Appa......................................1796
-
Baji Rao II...................................1796-1818
-
To Great Britain thereafter...
MATHURA
A Saka (Scythian) successor state of remote Dahae
descent, located slightly to the south of Delhi.
-
Karaostha ......................................? -c. 35 BCE
-
Rajuvula....................................35 BCE-22 CE with...
-
Sodasa..........................................10-45
-
Shivadatta......................................45-52
-
Hagamasha.......................................52-62
MULTAN
An exceedingly ancient city in the Punjab. In ancient times Multan was
known as "The House of Gold" and was the main religious center for a popular
Indian solar cult centered around the god Aditya.
-
Jibawin ?
-
Jibawin is listed in Arab sources as the builder
of Multan's main temple. He is described as having ruled in "ancient times".
Nothing else about him is recorded
-
??
-
To the Mauryan Empire..........................316-c.
250
-
To Bactria..................................c.
250-c. 100
-
To Suren (within Parthian hegemony)............100-60
-
To the Kushanids and the Kushanshahs.....c. 60
BCE-c. 300 CE
-
To the Guptas..................................300-mid
400's
-
To the Hephethalites.........................400's-565
-
To Sind........................................550-712
-
To the Caliphate...............................712-892
-
Banu SAMA
-
Asad al-Qurayshi...............................892-early 900's opposed
by...
-
A Qarmatian army under Abdullah al-Qarmati......c.
900
-
??
-
In 985 a coup led by an Ismai'ili agitator aligned
with the Fatimids toppled the last Sama emir of Multan. The new dynasty
was fanatically Shi'ite and allied with the Assasins of Alamut.
-
SUMRA/SHAIBANID (see
also later Sind)
-
Jalam ibn Shaiban..............................985- ?
-
Hamid ibn Jalam................................ ? -997
-
Nasr ibn Hamid.................................997- ?
-
Abu'l Fath Daud ibn Nasr....................... ? -1008
-
To the Ghaznavids and Afghanistan.............1008-1215
-
Ai'i al-Karmani...................late 1100's-early
1200's
-
To Delhi......................................1215-1397
-
To the Timurids...............................1397-1413
-
To Dehli......................................1397-1438
-
LANGAH
-
Shaykh Yusuf al-Qurayshi......................1438-1440
-
Qutb ud-Din Shah Sahra Langah.................1440-1456
-
Husseyn Langah I..............................1456-1502
-
Mahmud Langah.................................1502-1527
-
Husseyn Langah II.............................1527-1528
-
To the Mughals................................1528-1730's
-
Abdul Samad Khan...............................fl. 1730's
-
To the Mughals..............................1730's-1752
-
To Kabul, but under
constant attack by the Sikh Khalsa...1752-1816
-
Muzzafar Khan Saddozai........................1779-1818
-
To Lahore.....................................1818-1848
-
Diwan Mul Raj Singh................................1840's
-
To Great Britain...................................1848
-
Sardar Khan Singh..................................1848 opposed by...
-
Diwan Mul Raj Singh (restored), in rebellion
against Britain...1848-1849
-
To Great Britain..............................1849-1947
-
To Pakistan...................................1947-
MUSTANG
An isolated vale athwart the edge of the Himalayas, astride the modern
frontier between Nepal and Tibet. It has been for a very long while a sub-Kingdom
under the nominal tutelege of more powerful states in the area.
-
Within the influence of Jumla and/or Tibet.c.
1380-1795
-
Ame Pal...............................c. 1380-c.
1450
-
Tsetin Trandul...........................fl.
late 15th c. ?
-
??
-
Je Ang....................................fl.
c. 1700
-
Krathis Namgyal...........................fl.
c. 1720
-
Tenzing Anjia.............................fl.
c. 1740
-
Anjia Dorje...............................fl.
c. 1760/80
-
Within Nepal..................................1795-1912
-
Krathis Ningpo............................fl.
c. 1800
-
Jampel Traldus............................fl.
c. 1825
-
Kunga Norbu...............................fl.
c. 1845
-
Jamian Angdu.............................. ?
-1860
-
Jambian Pelbar...........................1860-1905
-
Within Tibet..................................1912-1950
-
Angun Tenzing Trandul....................1905-1950
d. 1964
-
Within Nepal..................................1950-
-
Angdu Ningpo.............................1950-1961
-
Angun Tenzing Trandul (restored).........1961-1964
-
Jigme Dorje Trandul......................1964-19..
-
Jigme Pelbar Bista.......................19..-
MYSORE
A large and important city and district in the extreme south of India,
about 90 miles (145 km.) east of the Malabar Coast.
-
WESTERN GANGA
-
Kongunivarman Madhava I........................fl. c. 350 CE
-
Madhava II.....................................fl. c. 400
-
Harivarman.....................................fl. c. 450
-
Vishnugopa
-
Madhava III....................................fl. c. 460
-
Avinita........................................fl. c. 500
-
Durvinita......................................fl. c. 540
-
Mushkara
-
Sri Vikrama
-
Bhuvikrama
-
Sivamara I.....................................fl. c. 670
-
name unknown
-
Sri Purusha....................................725-788
-
Sivamara II....................................788-817
-
Rajamalla I....................................817-853
-
Nitimarga I....................................853-870
-
Rajamalla II...................................870-907
-
Nitimarga II...................................907-935
-
Narasimha......................................935-936
-
Rajamalla III..................................936-937
-
Butuga.........................................937-960
-
Maruladeva.........................................960
-
Marasimha......................................960-974
-
Rajamalla IV...................................974-985
-
Rakkasa Ganga..................................985-1024
-
HOYSALA
-
Nripakama.....................................1022-1047
-
Vinayadita....................................1047-1098 with...
-
Ereyanga......................................1063-1100
-
Ballala I.....................................1100-1110
-
Vishnuvardhana................................1110-1152
-
Narasimha I...................................1152-1173
-
Ballala II....................................1173-1220
-
Narasimha II..................................1220-1238 with...
-
Somesvara.....................................1233-1267 with...
-
Narasimha III.................................1254-1292 with...
-
Ballala III...................................1291-1342
-
Virupaksha Ballala IV.........................1342-1346
-
Vacant
-
WADIYAR
-
Yadu Raya.....................................1399-1423
-
Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja I....................1423-1459
-
Timmaraja I...................................1459-1478
-
Hiriya Chamaraja II...........................1478-1513
-
Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja III..................1513-1553
-
Timmaraja II..................................1553-1572
-
Bola Chamaraja IV.............................1572-1576
-
Bettada Devaraja..............................1576-1578
-
Raja Wadiyar..................................1578-1617
-
Chamaraja V...................................1617-1637
-
Immadi Raja...................................1637-1638
-
Kanthirava Narasaraja I.......................1638-1659
-
Kempa Devaraja................................1659-1673
-
Chikkadevaraja................................1673-1704
-
Kanthirava Narasaraja II......................1704-1714
-
Krishnaraja I.................................1714-1732
-
Chamaraja VI..................................1732-1734
-
Krishnaraja II................................1734-1766
-
Nanjaraja................................1766-1770
-
Bettada Chamaraja VII....................1770-1776
-
Khasa Chamaraja VIII.....................1776-1796
-
HAIDARID
-
Haidar 'Ali Khan..............................1762-1782
-
Tipu Sultan...................................1782-1799
-
WADIYAR
-
Krishnaraja III...............................1799-1831
-
To Great Britain..............................1831-1881
-
Chamaraja IX..................................1881-1894
-
Krishnaraja IV................................1894-1940
-
Jayachamarajendra Bahadur.....................1940-1949
-
To India......................................1948-
NAGPUR A
Marathan state within central India.
-
BHONSLE
-
Raghuji I.....................................1738-1755
-
Janoji........................................1755-1772
-
Mudhoji I.....................................1772-1788
-
Raghuji II....................................1788-1816
-
Mudhoji II....................................1816-1818
-
Raghuji III...................................1818-1853
-
To Great Britain thereafter...
NEPAL A
landlocked state athwart the southern Himalayas, the last remaining Hindu
Kingdom.
-
RAGHAVADEVA
-
Raghavadeva....................................fl. c. 879
-
Jayadeva
-
Vikramadeva
-
Narendradeva I
-
Gunakamadeva I
-
Udayadeva
-
Nirbhayadeva...................................fl. c. 1008
-
Rudradeva I................................c. 1008-c. 1015
-
Bhoja..............................................c. 1015
-
Lakshmikamadeva I..........................c. 1015-c. 1039
-
Jayakamadeva...............................c. 1039-1046
-
THAKURI
-
Bhaskaradeva..................................1046-1059
-
Baladeva......................................1059-1064
-
Pradyumnakamadeva.............................1064- ?
-
Nagfarjunadeva................................. ? -1068
-
Shankaradeva..................................1068-1080
-
Vamadeva......................................1080-1090
-
Harshadeva....................................1090-1118
-
Shivadeva.....................................1118-1128
-
Indradeva.....................................1128- ?
-
Manadeva.......................................... c. 1130's ?
-
Narendradeva II.................................. -1146
-
Anandadeva....................................1146- ?
-
Rudradeva II................................... ? -1176
-
Amritadeva....................................1176- ?
-
Ratnadeva......................................... c. 1180's ?
-
Somesvaradeva.................................. ? -1187
-
Gunakamadeva II...............................1187-1193
-
Lakshmikamadeva II............................1193-1196
-
Vijayakamadeva................................1196-1201
-
MALLA
-
Arimalladeva..................................1201-c. 1216
-
Ranasura...........................................c. 1216
-
Abhayamalla................................c. 1216-c. 1235
-
Jayadevamalla..............................c. 1235-c. 1258
-
Jayabhimadeva..............................c. 1258-c. 1271
-
Jayasimhamalla.............................c. 1271-c. 1274
-
Anantamalla................................c. 1274-c. 1310
-
Jayanandadeva..............................c. 1310-c. 1347 with...
-
Jayarudramalla.............................c. 1320-c. 1326 and...
-
Jayarimalla................................c. 1320-c. 1344
-
Jayarajadeva...............................c. 1347-c. 1361
-
Jayarjunamalla.............................c. 1361-c. 1382
-
Jayasthitimalla............................c. 1382-c. 1395
-
Jayadharmamalla............................c. 1395-c. 1408 with...
-
Jayakitimalla..............................c. 1395-c. 1403 and...
-
Jayajyotimalla.............................c. 1395-c. 1428
-
Jayayakshamalla............................c. 1428-c. 1482
-
At this point the state was partitioned. See Bhatgaon,
Gurkha,
Katmandu,
and Patan. In 1768/9, the state was reunited under
Gurkha hegemony.
-
GURKHA
-
Prithvi Narayana..............................1768-1774
-
Pratapa Simha.................................1774-1777
-
Rana Bahadur..................................1777-1799
-
Girvan Yuddha Bikram..........................1799-1816
-
Rajendra Bikram...............................1816-1847
-
Surendra Bikram...............................1847-1881
-
Prithvi Bir Bikram............................1881-1911
-
Tribhuvana Bir Bikram.........................1911-1950 d. 1955
-
Gyanendra Bir Bikram..........................1950-1951 d.
-
Tribhuvana Bir Bikram (restored)..............1951-1955
-
Mahendra Bir Bikram...........................1955-1972
-
Birendra Bir Bikram...........................1972-2001
-
Dipendra Bir Bikram.......................(3 days) 2001
-
Gyanendra Bir Bikram (restored)...............2001-
ORISSA
A province in eastern India, located on the Bay of Bengal between the delta
of the Ganges and Bramhaputra floodplain to the northeast, and the Hyderabad
region to the southwest. The area has for a very long time been a primary
center of Hindu art and culture.
-
SOMAVAMSI1
-
Sivagupta...................................c. 915-c. 935
-
Janamejaya Mahabhavagupta I.................c. 935-c. 970
-
Yayati Mahasivagupta I......................c. 970-c. 1000
-
Bhimaratha Mahabhavagupta II...............c. 1000-c. 1015
-
Dharmaratha Mahasivgagupta II..............c. 1015-c. 1020
-
Nahusa Mahabhavagupta III.................c. 1020-c. 1025
-
Chandihara Yayati Mahasivagupta III........c. 1025-c. 1055
-
Uddyotakesari Mahabhavagupta IV............c. 1055-c. 1090
-
Karnakesari................................c. 1080-c. 1118
-
GANGA
-
Anantavarman Chodaganga....................c. 1118-c. 1148
-
Kamarnava..................................c. 1148-c. 1157
-
Raghava....................................c. 1157-c. 1171
-
Rajaraja I.................................c. 1171-c. 1192
-
Aniyankabhima I............................c. 1192-c. 1205
-
Rajaraja II................................c. 1205-c. 1216
-
Aniyankabhima II...........................c. 1216-c. 1238
-
Narasimha I................................c. 1238-c. 1264
-
Bhanudeva I................................c. 1264-c. 1279
-
Narasimha II...............................c. 1279-c. 1306
-
Bhanudeva II...............................c. 1306-c. 1328
-
Narasimha III..............................c. 1328-c. 1352
-
Bhanudeva III..............................c. 1352-c. 1378
-
Narasimha IV...............................c. 1378-c. 1414
-
Bhanudeva IV...............................c. 1414-1434
-
GAJAPATI
-
Kapilendra....................................1434-1467
-
Purushottama..................................1467-1497
-
Prataparudra..................................1497-1540
-
Kaluadeva.....................................1540-1541
-
Kakharuadeva.......................................1541
-
A final Orrisan dynasty
-
Govindaraja Vidyadhara........................1541-1549
-
Chakrapatapa..................................1549-1557
-
Narasimha Jana................................1557-1558
-
Raghurama Chhotra.............................1558-1560
-
Mukundadeva Harichandana......................1560-1568
-
To Bengal.....................................1568-1576
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1576-1703
-
Most to Maratha states, especially Nagpur after 1738.
All to Great Britain by the mid 19th century.
PATAN
A town in central Nepal, nowadays Lalitapur, just south of Katmandu. During
the centuries of Malla fragmentation, it became a separate state.
-
To Nepal to c. 1482
-
To Katmandu................................c.
1482-c. 1620
-
MALLA
-
Jayasiddhinarasimhamalla...................c. 1620-c. 1661
-
Jayasrinivasamalla.........................c. 1661-1684
-
Jayayoganarendramalla.........................1684-1705
-
Jayalokaprakasamalla..........................1705-1706
-
Jayendramalla.................................1706-1709
-
Jayamahendramalla..................................1709 d. 1714
-
Jayaviranarasimhamalla.............................1709
-
Jayamahendramalla (restored)..................1709-1714
-
Jayariddhinarasimhamalla......................1715-1717
-
Jayabhaskaramalla.............................1717-1722
-
Jayayogaprakasamalla..........................1722-1729
-
Sri Jayavishnumalla...........................1729-1745
-
Jayarajyaprakasamalla.........................1745-1758
-
Jayavisvajitmalla.............................1758-1760
-
Jayaprakasamalla..............................1760-1762 d. 1763
-
Jayaranajitmalla..............................1762-1763
-
Jayaprakasamalla (restored)........................1763
-
SAHA
-
Dalamardana...................................1764-1765
-
MALLA
-
Jayatejanarayanasimhamalla....................1765-1768
-
To Gurkha, and Nepal thereafter...
PATIALA
A young city (founded 1762) about 140 miles (175 km.) north-northwest of
New Delhi and roughly 100 miles (160 km.) southeast of the Pakistani frontier.
-
SIKH For
further commentary on the Sikhs, see below.
-
Ala Singh.....................................1762-1765
-
Amar Singh....................................1765-1781
-
Sahib Singh...................................1781-1813
-
Karam Singh...................................1813-1845
-
Narindar Singh................................1845-1862
-
Mohindar Singh................................1862-1876
-
Rajindar Singh................................1876-1900
-
Bhupindar Singh...............................1900-1938
-
Yadavindar Singh..............................1938-1948
-
To India thereafter...
PHATLAN
A state in Maharashtra region of India.
-
NAIK NIMBRALKAR
-
Nimbraj I.....................................1284-1291
-
Padakhala Jagdevrao Dharpatrao................1291-1327
-
Nimbraj II....................................1327-1349
-
Vanang Bhupal.................................1349-1374
-
?
-
Vanangpal.....................................1390-1394
-
Vangoji I.....................................1394-1409
-
Maloji I......................................1409-1420
-
Baji I........................................1420-1445
-
Powarrao......................................1445-1470
-
Baji II.......................................1470-1512
-
Mudhoji II....................................1512-1527
-
Baji Dharrao..................................1527-1560
-
Maloji II.....................................1560-1570
-
Vangoji II Jagpalrao..........................1570-1630
-
Mudhoji II....................................1630-1644
-
Bajaji I......................................1644-1676
-
Vangoji III...................................1676-1693
-
Janoji........................................1693-1748
-
Mudhoji III...................................1748-1765
-
?
-
Sayaji........................................1767-1774
-
Maloji III....................................1774-1777
-
Janoji II.....................................1777-1825
-
?
-
Bajaji II.....................................1827-1828
-
?
-
Client to Great Britain.....................1830's-1916
-
Mudhoji IV...............................1860-1916
-
To Great Britain directly.....................1916-1948
-
To India thereafter...
PONDICHERRY
A city and enclave on the Carnatic coast of southeastern India, the chief
French stronghold on the subcontinent.
-
To Chola Empire (A Chola capital 9th-11th c.)..846-1279
-
To Delhi......................................1279-1334
-
To Madurai....................................1334-1378
-
To Vijayanagar................................1378-1565
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1565-1674
-
To France.....................................1674-1954
-
To India......................................1954-
PUNJAB
Region in the NW of the Indian subcontinent. Since 1947 it has been separated
into an Indian state and a Pakistani province bearing the same name. The
Indus River bounds the region in part of the west and the Yamuna River
in part of the east. Punjab was one of the early centers of Indian civilization;
more recently it has become the heartland of the Sikh community. See also
Sind, for a closely related district.
-
The Indus Valley civilization..............c. 2300-1700 BCE
-
A blank time, no knowlege of people living here remains...
-
To Persia...................................c.
520-late 400s
-
?
-
Local polities..........................late
400's-329
-
Ambhi (Omphis) (in Taxila).....................fl.
330's opposed by...
-
Puru (Porus) (in Katha)........................fl.
330's and...
-
Numerous petty kingdoms and tribal republics, including
Aspasia, Assakeonois, Siboi, Kushudrakas, Maliavas, and Ambashta and then
all under...
-
To Macedon.....................................329-316
-
Macedonian Satraps
-
Philippus.................................329-325
-
Eudemenes.................................325-316
?
-
To the Mauryan Empire..........................316-c.
250
-
To Bactria..................................c.
250-c. 100
-
To Suren (within
Parthian hegemony)............100-60
-
To the Kushanids and the Kushanshahs.....c. 60
BCE-c. 300 CE
-
Gondopharnes (in
Taxila)..................fl. c. 50 CE
-
To the Guptas..................................300-mid
400's
-
To the Hephethalites.........................400's-565
-
Local polities.................................565-712
-
To the Caliphate...............................712-c.
850
-
Largely to Multan..............................850-1008
-
To the Ghaznavids, and Afghanistan............1008-1215
-
To Khwarazm...................................1215-1221
and...
-
To Delhi (in
the south and east)..............1215-1524
opposed by...
-
Mongols and Il-Khanate successors (in
north)..1221-1398
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1524-1740
-
To Persia.....................................1740-1747
-
To Afghanistan................................1747-1799
-
Largely to the Khalsa (see Sikhs),
and to Lahore..1799-1849
-
But see also local polities, including Patiala,
Multan, Bikaner, and Bahawalpur.
-
To Great Britain..............................1849-1947
-
To India (east)...............................1947-
and...
-
To Pakistan (west)............................1947-
SAKYA
An ancient tribal kingdom in the Himalayan foothills, along the Indian-Nepalese
border. Its capital was Kapilavatthu (located about 5 miles (8 km.) inside
Nepal, in the southeast corner of modern Lumbini Province). It is best
known as the birthplace of the Buddha.
-
GOTAMAGOTTA
-
Okkaka.........................................fl. c. 800 BCE ?
-
Okkamukha
-
Nipuna
-
Candima
-
Candamukha
-
Sivisanjaya
-
Vessantara
-
Jali
-
Sihavahana
-
Sihassara
-
Sihassara is credited in Buddhist mythology with
having over 82,000 sons and grandsons - an impressive, if mythical, achievement.
-
Jayasena Hastikarisrsa
-
Sihahanu
-
Suddhodana Shakyasimha the Lion....................mid 500's BCE
-
Suddhodana was the father of Siddhartha Gotama, the
Buddha.
-
??
-
To the Mauryan Empire.......................c.
320-c. 187
-
To Maghada..............................c. 187
BCE-c. 275 CE
-
To the Gupta Empire.........................c.
275-c. 550
-
To Tibet (Tu-Fan)...........................c.
550-c. 850
-
To Magadha..................................c.
850-1230
-
To Delhi......................................1230-1394
-
To Jaunpur....................................1394-1483
-
To Delhi......................................1483-1526
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1526-1722
-
To Awadh......................................1722-1856
-
To British East India Company.................1856-1857
-
To Great Britain (northern dist. to Nepal)....1857-1948
-
To India (northern districts remain Nepalese).1948-
SATAVAHANA
A Dravidian kingdom in the Deccan plain of central India, centered mostly
around the Andhra Pradesh region. At its height in the first century CE
it dominated most of southern India. It's dynasts were noted as patrons
of advanced literature and architecture, but the state suffered and ultimately
collapsed from almost continuous internecine warfare with it's neighbours.
Note that the dates of these rulers, and in some instances even the order
in which they appear, is in some disarray - in researching this dynasty,
I seldom found two lists that agreed at any particular instance.
-
The Satavahana dynasts emerged out of the chaos following
the disruption of the Mauryan Empire...
-
Probably vassals of Maghadha/Sunga.............235-75
BCE
-
SATAKARNI
-
Simukha........................................235-212
-
Another source has Simukha's dates as 271-248.
-
Kanha..........................................212-195
-
Satakarni I....................................195-193
-
Vedistri.......................................193- ?
-
Satisiri....................................... ? -c. 166
-
Satakarni II................................c. 166-111 BCE
-
Eight rulers, names unknown...
-
Probably vassals of Kanva.......................75-35
-
Hala............................................19-24 CE
-
Hala is the author of the Gathasaptasati, one of
the classics of Indian literature.
-
Pulumavi I......................................24- ?
-
?
-
Gautamiputra Satakarni..........................62-95
-
Pulumavi II.....................................96-119
-
Siri Satakarni.................................119-149
-
Shiva Siri Pulumavi............................149-156
-
Siri-Sivakhada Satakarni.......................157-159
-
Sri Yajna......................................160-189
-
Madhariputra Svami Sakasena........................190's
-
By the end of the 2nd century CE, the rule of the
Satavahanas had come to an end. The empire was disrupted, and divided among
several successor states, including Chutu, Pallava,
Ikshvaku, and Abhira.
SAURASHTRA
A district within south-central Gujarat, comprising the greater part of
the Kathiawar Peninsula, with the city of Rajkot as its center.
-
To the Mauryan Empire....................3rd
cent.-180's
-
Poorly documented era....................180's
BCE-130 CE
-
To Malwa.......................................130-382
-
To the Guptan Empire...........................382-c.
475
-
To Vallabhi.................................c.
475-c. 767
-
To the Pratiharan Empire....................c.
767-c. 845
-
CHUDSAMA
-
Chandrachud.................................c. 845-907
-
Mulraja........................................907-915
-
Vishvara.......................................915-940
-
Graharipu......................................940-982
-
Kawat I........................................982-1003
-
Mahipala I....................................1003-1010
-
To the Ghaznavids (Afghanistan)...............1010-1020
-
Navghan I.....................................1020-1044
-
Khengar I.....................................1044-1067
-
Navghan II....................................1067-1094
-
Khengar II....................................1094-1113
-
To Gujarat....................................1113-1125
-
Navghan III...................................1125-1140
-
Kawat II......................................1140-1152
-
Jaya Singh I..................................1152-1184
-
Raya Singh.........................................1184
-
Mahipala II...................................1184-1201
-
Jaya Malla....................................1201-1230
-
Mahipala III..................................1230-1253
-
Khengar III...................................1253-1260
-
Mandlik I.....................................1260-1306
-
Navghan IV....................................1306-1308
-
Mahipala IV...................................1308-1325
-
Khengar IV....................................1325-1352
-
Jaya Singh II.................................1352-1369
-
Mahipala V....................................1369-1373
-
Mokala Singh..................................1373-1397
-
Mandlik II....................................1397-1400
-
Melag.........................................1400-1415
-
Jaya Singh III................................1415-1440
-
Mahipala VI...................................1440-1451
-
Mandlik III...................................1451-1472
-
To Gujarat....................................1472-1573
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1573-1728
-
To the Maratha Confederacy....................1728-1818
-
To Great Britain..............................1818-1948
-
To India thereafter...
The SIKHS
A religious movement which began in the 15th century, and now has
about 18 million followers. It was started as a response to both Hinduism
and Islam, and attempted a working syncretism between the two faiths. Persecuted
by both, and outlawed in Mughal times, the Sikh community traveled north
into the hills of the Punjab, where the greatest number of them still live.
They continued to be the object of hostlity and persecution, and gradually
a martial life-style emerged as a means of defending their communities.
-
The GURUS (Teachers)
-
Nanak.........................................1469-1539
-
Angad.........................................1539-1552
-
Amar Das......................................1552-1574
-
Ram Das Sodni Ji..............................1574-1581
-
Arjun Mal.....................................1581-1606
-
With the execution of Arjun Mal, the Sikhs migrated
north into the Punjab.
-
Hargobind.....................................1606-1644
-
Har Rai.......................................1644-1661
-
Hari Krishen..................................1661-1664
-
Tegh Bahadur..................................1664-1675
-
Gobind Rai....................................1675-1699 d. 1708
-
Gobind transformed the Sikh community into what was
effectively an army, the Khalsa, or "Pure Ones". He discarded the title
of Guru, mandated the adoption by all Sikhs of the honorific "Singh" (Lion,
male) or "Kaur" (Lioness, female) to their names, and henceforth was Commander
of the Khalsa.
-
Commanders of the Khalsa
-
Gobind Rai Singh..............................1699-1708
-
Banda Singh Bahadur...........................1708-1716
-
After the killing of Banda Singh, the Sikh community
fragmented. But Mughal authority was waning as well, and by the middle
of the 18th century, several Sikh-led communities had gained nominal or
real independence. See Lahore and Patiala
for a continuance of the leadership of this people.
SIKKIMA
small Himalayan vale nestled between Nepal and Bhutan.
-
Phuntsog Namgyal..............................1642-1670
-
Tensung Namgyal...............................1670-1686
-
Chador Namgyal................................1686-1717
-
Gyurmed Namgyal...............................1717-1733
-
Namgyal Namgyal...............................1733-1780
-
Tenzing Namgyal...............................1780-1793
-
Tsugphud Namgyal..............................1793-1863
-
Sidkeong Namgyal I............................1863-1874
-
Thutob Namgyal................................1874-1914
-
Sidkeong Namgyal II................................1914
-
Tashi Namgyal.................................1914-1963
-
Palden Thondup Namgyal........................1963-1975
-
Seized by India...............................1975-
SINDH
Occupying the frontier zone between India and Pakistan, this is the land
adjacent to the Indus River and the Thar Desert. It is, in fact, one of
the oldest inhabited regions on earth, and hosted one of the worlds great
pre-classical civilizations. Today it includes the cities of Karachi (former
capital and still the largest city in Pakistan) and Hyderabad (not to be
confused with the city in central India of the same name). See also Punjab,
for a closely related district.
-
The Indus Valley civilization.
Not much is known about this people, who developed an urbanized culture
in the late 3rd millenium BCE. Primary known sites include Mohenjo-daro,
Amri, and Kot Diji. This culture, which was an important commercial partner
to Dilmun and early Mesopotamia, seems to have been active c. 2300-c. 1700
BCE.
-
A blank time, no knowledge of people living here
remains...
-
To Persia...................................c.
520-326
-
To Macedon.....................................326-310
-
To the Seleucid
Empire.........................310-306
-
To the Mauryan Empire..........................306-c.
250
-
To Bactria..................................c.
250-c. 100
-
To the Bactrian Sakae.......................c.
100-c. 20
-
To the Kushanid Empire...................c. 20
BCE-c. 230 CE
-
To the Kushanshahs..........................c.
230-c. 410
-
To the White Huns (Hephthalites)...............410-565
-
Sahasi I ?
-
?
-
Siharu.......................................early 600's
-
Sahasi II...................................... ? -632
-
CHACH
-
Chach.......................................c. 643-c. 671
-
Chandar.....................................c. 671-c. 679
-
Dahir.......................................c. 679-711
-
Hullishah......................................712-c. 724
-
Sisah..........................................fl. c. 724
-
To the Caliphate............................c.
725-855
-
Amirs of Sindh under the Caliphate
-
Muhammad ibn Qasim........................712-715
d. c. 720
-
Habib ibn Muhalab.........................715-
?
-
Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili
-
Bilal ibn Ahwaz
-
Junaid ibn Abd ar-Rahman
-
Tamim ibn Zaid al-Atbi
-
Hakam ibn Awanah al-Qalbi.................fl.
c. 732
-
Amr ibn Muhammad ibn Qasim................fl.
c. 737
-
Yazid ibn Arrar
-
al-Mansur ibn Jamhur al-Qalbi.............fl.
c. 750
-
?
-
Musa al-Barmakhi
-
Umar ibn Musa
-
Daud ibn Yazid............................ ?
-821
-
Bashar ibn Daud...........................fl.
830's
-
HIBARI
-
Umar al-Hibari (Caliphate gov. until 855)...c.
850-865
-
Abdallah ibn Umar...........................c. 865-893
-
The Hibari clan ruled most of Sindh until its conquest
by the Ghaznavids in 1005, but the names of subsequent rulers are unknown
to me at this time.
-
To the Ghaznavid Empire.......................1005-1058
-
SUMRA
-
Sumra.................................c. 1025-c.
1053
-
Bhungar I..................................c. 1053-c. 1068
-
Duda I.....................................c. 1068-c. 1092
-
Singhar....................................c. 1092-c. 1107
-
Hamun (fem.)....................................fl.
c. 1107
-
Pithu
-
Khaira
-
Hafif I
-
'Umar
-
Duda II
-
Pahtu
-
Genhra II
-
Mohammed Tur
-
Genhra II
-
Duda III...................................c. 1190-c. 1204
-
Tai........................................c. 1204-c. 1228
-
Chani Sar..................................c. 1228-c. 1246
-
Bhungar II.................................c. 1246-c. 1261
-
Hafif II...................................c. 1261-c. 1279
-
Duda IV....................................c. 1279-c. 1304
-
'Umar Sumra................................c. 1304-c. 1330
-
Bhungar III................................c. 1330-1336
-
Hamir..............................................1336
-
SAMMA
-
Unar..........................................1336-1340
-
Juna..........................................1340-1353
-
Banhatiya.....................................1353-1376
-
Timaji........................................1376-1379
-
Salah ud-Din..................................1379-1391
-
Nizam ud-Din..................................1391-1393
-
'Ali Sher.....................................1393-1408
-
Fath Khan.....................................1408-1422
-
Tughluq.......................................1423-1449
-
Mubarak............................................1449
-
Sikandar......................................1449-1452
-
Sanjar........................................1452-1460
-
Nizam ud-Din Nanda............................1460-1492
-
Firuz Salah ud-Din............................1492-1521
-
ARGHUN
-
Mirza Shah Beg (in Qandahar 1507-1522)........1522-1524
-
Mirza Husain..................................1524-1556
-
Mirza Mohammed 'Isa...........................1556-1567
-
Mirza Mohammed Baqi...........................1567-1585
-
Mirza Janibeg.................................1585-1591
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1591-1718
-
KALHORA
-
Yar Mohammed Khan........................1701-1719
-
Nur Mohammed..................................1719-1752 d. 1754
-
To Afghanistan................................1752-c.
1760
-
Mohammed Murad Yar Khan....................c. 1760-c. 1765
-
Gulam Shah.................................c. 1765-1770's
-
3 rulers - no documented names as yet
-
Sarfaraz
-
Mahmud............................10 months in the 1770's
-
Ghulam Nabi
-
Abdul Nabi
-
Sadiq 'Ali
-
Abdul Nabi (restored)............................ -1783
-
TALPUR The
Talpur arranged a dispersed system of local co-Princes, with the Hyderabad
succession as senior and chief among them. All had a certain measure of
influence over the polity as a whole.
-
Fath 'Ali Khan (at Hyderabad: Chief)..........1783-1801
with...
-
Thara (at Mirpur).............................1783-1829
and...
-
Sohrab (at Khairpur)..........................1783-1811
and...
-
Ghulam 'Ali Khan (at Hyderabad: Chief)........1801-1811
and...
-
Karim 'Ali Khan (Hyderabad: Chief 1811-28)....1801-1828
and...
-
Rustam 'Ali Khan (at Khairpur)................1811-1842
and...
-
Murad 'Ali (at Hyderabad: Chief)..............1828-1832
and...
-
Sher Mohammed (at Mirpur).....................1829-1843
and...
-
Mubarak 'Ali Khan (at Khairpur)...............1829-1839
and...
-
Sahib (at Hyderabad: Chief)...................1832-1833
and...
-
Nur Mohammed Khan (at Hyderabad: Chief).......1833-1841
and...
-
Mohammed Nasr Khan (Hyderabad: Chief 1841-3)..1833-1843
and...
-
Sobdar (at Hyderabad).........................1833-1843
and...
-
Mohammed (at Hyderabad).......................1833-1843
and...
-
Nasr Khan (at Khairpur).......................1839-
? and...
-
Shahdad (at Hyderabad)........................1841-1843
and...
-
Husain 'Ali (at Hyderabad)....................1841-1843
-
To Great Britain..............................1843-1948
-
A comment here is irresistable. Sir Charles Napier,
the military commander who conquered Sindh in 1843, sent to London on the
completion of his mission what is perhaps the most succinct despatch in
the annals of military history, and one which also provides an extremely
rare multi-lingual triple pun: he scrawled the single word "Peccavi", which
is Latin for "I have sinned".
-
To Pakistan...................................1948-
Further Emirs of Khairpur...
-
Under British authority.......................1843-1948
-
TALPUR
-
`Ali Murad Khan..........................1842-1894
-
Fa´iz Mohammad Khan I....................1894-1909
-
Imam Bakhsh Khan.........................1909-1921
-
`Ali Nawaz Khan..........................1921-1935
-
Fa´iz Mohammad Khan II...................1935-1947
-
Under Pakistani authority.....................1948-1955
-
George `Ali Murad Khan...................1947-1955
-
Emirate to Pakistan directly..................1955-
SOUTHERN INDIAThe
southern portion of the subcontinent has often followed a different course
of development than the center and north. Here the non-Aryan Dravidians
retreated, and here have been the loci of several large and powerful states.
Currently, this listing memorializes the last two.
-
PALLAVA EMPIRE
-
Simhavarman I...............................c. 315-c. 345
-
Skandavarman I..............................c. 345-c. 355 with...
-
Vishnugopa..................................c. 350-c. 355
-
Kumaravishnu I..............................c. 355-c. 370
-
Skandavarman II.............................c. 370-c. 385
-
Viravarman..................................c. 385-c. 400
-
Skandavarman III............................c. 400-c. 438
-
Simhavarman II..............................c. 438-c. 460
-
Skandavarman IV.............................c. 460-c. 480
-
Nandivarman I...............................c. 480-c. 500
-
Kumaravishnu II.............................c. 500-c. 520
-
Buddhavarman................................c. 520-c. 540
-
Kumaravishnu III............................c. 540-c. 550
-
Simhavarman III.............................c. 550-c. 574
-
Simhavishnu.................................c. 574-c. 600
-
Mahendravarman I............................c. 600-630
-
Narasimhavarman I..............................630-668
-
Mahendravarman II..............................668-670
-
Paramesvaravarman I............................670-680
-
Narasimhavarman II.............................680-720
-
Paramesvaravarman II...........................720-731
-
Nandivarman II.................................731-795
-
Dantivarman....................................795-845 with...
-
Nandivarman III................................844-866 with...
-
Nripatungavarman...............................855-896 with...
-
Aparajita......................................879-897
-
CHOLA EMPIRE
-
Vijayalaya..................................c. 846-c. 871
-
Asitya I....................................c. 871-907
-
Parantaka......................................907-947
-
Rajaditya I....................................947-949
-
Gandaraditya...................................949-956
-
Arinjaya...........................................956
-
Parantaka II.......................................956
-
Aditya II......................................956-969
-
Madhurantaka Uttama............................969-985
-
Rajaraja I Deva the Great......................985-1012
-
Rajendra I Choladeva..........................1012-1044
-
Rajadhiraja I.................................1044-1052
-
Rajendra II Deva..............................1052-1060
-
Ramamahendra..................................1060-1063
-
Virarajendra..................................1063-1067
-
Adhirajendra..................................1067-1070
-
Rajendra III..................................1070-1122
-
Vikrama Chola.................................1122-1135
-
Kulottunga II Chola...........................1135-1150
-
Rajraja II....................................1150-1173
-
Rajadhiraja II................................1173-1179
-
Kulottunga III................................1179-1218
-
Rajaraja III..................................1218-1246
-
Rajendra IV...................................1246-1279
-
Chola disrupted by defeat
at the hands of the Delhi Sultanate. Portions of the state annexed to Delhi,
while other areas fall into the hands of provincial rulers. Eventually,
Vijayanagar ("City of Victory") emerges as the chief center of independent
Hindu resistance to Muslim control of most of India...
-
VIJAYANAGAR
-
SANGAMA
-
Harihara I....................................1336-1356
-
Bukka I.......................................1356-1377
-
Harihara II...................................1377-1404
-
Virupaksha I..................................1404-1405
-
Bukka II......................................1405-1406
-
Devaraya I....................................1406-1422
-
Ramachandra...................................1422-1430
with...
-
Devaraya II...................................1422-1446
-
Vijaya II.....................................1446-1447
with...
-
Mallikarjuna..................................1446-1465
-
Virupaksha II.................................1465-1485
-
SALUVA
-
Narasimha.....................................1485-1490
-
Timma.........................................1490-1491
-
Immadi Narasimha..............................1491-1505
-
Vira Narasimha................................1505-1509
-
Krishnadevaraya...............................1509-1530
-
Achyota.......................................1530-1542
-
Venkata............................................1542
-
Sadashivaraya.................................1542-1565
-
To the Mughal Empire
-
When the Mughal Empire lost cohesion in the 18th
century, southern India fragmented once more into local states, and various
European colonies, especially at Goa (Portuguese) and Pondicherry (French).
After 1757, British influence was paramount, and the region followed general
Indian history from then on.
SUREN
This Parthian dependency, located in much of what is now Pakistan, northeastern
India, southern Afghanistan, and eastern Iran, is now placed among other
SCYTHIAN
groups.
TANJORE (Thanjavur)
A city and district in far southern India, about 50 miles (80 km.) west
of the French enclave and port of Karaikal.
-
To Chola Empire (A Chola capital 9th-11th c.)...c.
846-1279
-
To the Mughal Empire..........................1279-1334
-
To Madurai....................................1334-1378
-
To Vijayanagar................................1378-1549
-
NAYYAK
-
Sevappa.......................................1549-1572
-
Achyutappa....................................1572-1614
-
Raghunatha....................................1614- ?
-
Vijaya Raghava................................. ? -1673
-
Within French sphere of influence..........c.
1680-1763
-
BHONSLE (Maratha)
-
Venkaji..................................1674-1686
-
Shahji...................................1686-1711
-
Sarabhoji I..............................1711-1727
-
Tukoji...................................1727-1735
-
Bava Sahib...............................1735-1736
-
Sujana Bai (fem.).........................1736-1738
-
Sawai Shahji..................................1738
-
Sayaji...................................1738-1739
-
Pratap Singh.............................1739-1763
-
Within British sphere of influence............1763-1855
-
Tusalji..................................1763-1787
-
Amar Singh...............................1787-1798
-
Sarabhoji II.............................1798-1824
-
Sivaji...................................1824-1855
-
To Great Britain directly.....................1855-1948
-
To India......................................1948-
UDAIPUR
In western India, about 200 miles (320 km.) northeast of the Kathiawar
Peninsula.
-
GUHILA
-
Khommana I..................................c. 750-c. 753
-
Mattata.....................................c. 753- ?
-
Bhartripatta I
-
Simha
-
Khommana II
-
Mahayaka
-
Khommana III
-
Bhartripatta II.............................c. 940-c. 950
-
Allata......................................c. 950-c. 960
-
Naravahana..................................c. 960-c. 971
-
Salivahana..................................c. 971-c. 977
-
Saktikumara.................................c. 977- ?
-
Ambaprasada
-
Suchivarman
-
Naravarman
-
Anantavarman
-
Kirtivarman
-
Yogaraja
-
Vairata
-
Hamsapala
-
Vairi Singh
-
Vijaya Singh...................................fl. c. 1108
-
Ari Singh I
-
Choda Singh
-
Vikrama Singh
-
Rana Singh.....................................fl. c. 1168
-
Kshema Singh
-
Samanta Singh
-
Kumara Singh
-
Mathana Singh
-
Padma Singh
-
Jaitra Singh...............................c. 1213-c. 1260
-
Teja Singh.................................c. 1260-c. 1273
-
Samara Singh...............................c. 1273-c. 1302
-
Ratna Singh I..............................c. 1302-c. 1303
-
Lakhana Singh..............................c. 1303-c. 1314
-
Hammir I...................................c. 1314-c. 1378
-
Kshetra Singh..............................c. 1378-c. 1405
-
Laksha Singh...............................c. 1405-c. 1420
-
Mokala.....................................c. 1420-1433
-
Kumbhakarna...................................1433-1468
-
Udaya Karan...................................1468-1473
-
Rayamalla.....................................1473-1509
-
Sangrama Singh I..............................1509-1528
-
Ratna Singh II................................1528-1532
-
Bikramajit....................................1532-1535
-
Ranbir........................................1535-1537
-
Udaya Singh...................................1537-1572
-
Pratap Singh I................................1572-1597
-
Amar Singh I..................................1597-1620
-
Karan.........................................1620-1628
-
Jagat Singh I.................................1628-1652
-
Raja Singh I..................................1652-1680
-
Jaya Singh....................................1680-1699
-
Amar Singh II.................................1699-1711
-
Sangrama Singh II.............................1711-1734
-
Jagat Singh II................................1734-1752
-
Pratap Singh II...............................1752-1754
-
Raja Singh II.................................1754-1761
-
Ari Singh II..................................1761-1773
-
Hammir II.....................................1773-1778
-
Bhim Singh....................................1778-1828
-
Jawan Singh...................................1828-1838
-
Sardar Singh..................................1838-1842
-
Sarup Singh...................................1842-1861
-
Sambhu........................................1861-1874
-
Sujjan Singh..................................1874-1884
-
Fateh Singh...................................1884-1930
-
Bhopal Singh..................................1930-1949
-
To India......................................1948-
**************************************************
To Central Asia pt. 1 (Western
Central Asia)
To Central Asia pt. 2
(Eastern Central Asia)
To Central Asia pt. 3 (Southern
Central Asia)
To Iran
To Southeast Asia
To Sri Lanka
Return to Regnal
Chronologies