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> Samhitas, Tantras And Agamas, Origins of texts cited in the Gosvami granthas
Madhava
Posted: Dec 16 2003, 10:02 PM
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The Gosvamins frequently cite various Samhitas, Tantras and Agamas in the course of their presentation.

Some of the samhitas and tantras mentioned in Sat Sandarbha:

Maha-samhita,
Narayana-samhita,
Katyayana-samhita,
Jabali-samhita,
Agastya-samhita,
Garuda-samhita,
Sanat-kumara-samhita,
Vaisnava-tantra,
Mrityu-sanjaya-tantra,
Brihad Gautamiya-tantra,
Sammohana-tantra,
Trailokya-sammohana-tantra,
Svayambhuvagama,
Unspecified Agama-sastra.

Additionally, in Hari Bhakti Vilasa, we find the following among others:

Parasara-samhita,
Vaisvanara-samhita,
Jaimini-samhita,
Yajnavalkya-samhita,
Narada-tantra,
Devi-agama,
Siva-agama,
Unspecified Agama.

The paddhati of Dhyanacandra Gosvamin cites the following sources for the various mantras for arcana he presents.

Gaura-mantra -- Urddhvamnaya-samhita,
Nityananda-mantra -- Brahmanda Purana,
Advaita-mantra -- Padma Purana,
Guru-gayatri -- Padma Purana,
Guru-mantra -- Brihad Brahmanda Purana,
Gopala-mantra -- Gautamiya-tantra,
Kama-gayatri -- Svayambhuvagama,
Radha-mantra -- Gauri-tantra,
Lalita-mantra -- Sammohana-tantra,
Visakha-mantra -- Brihad Gautamiya-tantra,
Citra-mantra -- Skanda Purana,
Indulekha-mantra -- Isana-samhita,
Campakalata-mantra -- Garuda Purana,
Rangadevi-mantra -- Kisori-tantra,
Tungavidya-mantra -- Kisori-tantra,
Sudevi-mantra -- Rudra-yamala,
Asta-manjari -- Kisori-tantra.

Does anyone have further information on the origin of the texts cited? I am more or less aware of the history of the various Puranas, but of the Samhita, Tantra and Agama I have no clue.


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Jagat
Posted: Dec 21 2003, 04:01 PM
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Needless to say, some of these texts just don't exist and never have.

The Haribhaktivilasa is probably the most reliable in terms of genuine sources, but even there, many of the works haven't been found.

The original Pancharatra texts mostly come from South India in the first millennium. The earliest date to the 5th or 6th century. However, suprisingly, few of these books have been used in the HBV or any other Gaudiya work. One would expect some evidence of these Agamas in HBV, but there is little.

There seems to have been a strong Pancharatric tradition that was useful to the Gaudiya outlook--(Brihad) Gautamiya Tantra, Narada-pancharatra, Sammohana-tantra, Mrityu-sanjaya-tantra, Tantra-bhagavata, Krishna-yamala, to name a few of the main ones. We have textual problems with nearly all these works, where there are extant versions available. Almost none of these works attained any kind of canonical status in Gaudiya Vaishnavism and thus there is no tradition of preserving them.

Ultimately, no matter what Siddhanta Saraswati said about Pancharatric influences dominating Bhagavata influences in the Gaudiya tradition, it appears that the ritual/mantra/magic mindset of the Pancharatra always played a subsidiary role, with the Bhagavata activities (sravana-kirtana-smarana) (or rasasvadana) predominating.

Siddha-pranali alone doth not a Pancharatra make.

Anyway, we are hoping to get to the bottom of this eventually. The GGM will provide very useful tools for solving some of these problems. We have known that Narada Pancharatra was a problem, but the discovery that one entire book is just a copy of the Krama-dipika was an important one. If we could ever able to discover the copy that Rupa and Gopala Bhatta were using, that would be very helpful.


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Advaitadas
Posted: Dec 21 2003, 04:10 PM
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QUOTE

Needless to say, some of these texts just don't exist and never have.


You confirm my doubts about the sources of Dhyanacandra's paddhati. What about the claim that Brahma Samhita was written by Mahaprabhu Himself? It is tailor made for Gaudiya Siddhanta. Is the text mentioned by any other sampradaya?


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Madhava
Posted: Dec 21 2003, 07:50 PM
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QUOTE (Advaitadas @ Dec 21 2003, 04:10 PM)
QUOTE (Jagat @ ,)
Needless to say, some of these texts just don't exist and never have.


You confirm my doubts about the sources of Dhyanacandra's paddhati.

I don't think he restricted this to mean only Dhyanacandra's paddhati.


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Advaitadas
Posted: Dec 21 2003, 08:00 PM
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Should we doubt the sources of Gopal Bhatta Gosvami and Sanatana Gosvami in Haribhakti Vilasa?

nana shastra vicaranaika nipunau sad dharma samsthapakau - vande rupa sanatanau raghu yugau sri jiva gopalakau.


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Madhava
Posted: Dec 21 2003, 08:03 PM
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QUOTE (Advaitadas @ Dec 21 2003, 08:00 PM)
Should we doubt the sources of Gopal Bhatta Gosvami and Sanatana Gosvami in Haribhakti Vilasa?

nana shastra vicaranaika nipunau sad dharma samsthapakau - vande rupa sanatanau raghu yugau sri jiva gopalakau.

And the Sandarbhas.

I am not advocating that anyone doubt or not doubt. It's just that the legitimacy of many sources cited is very hard to prove. I opened this topic to explore the extent of information available on the various books cited.


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Jagat
Posted: Dec 22 2003, 04:27 AM
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In some cases, just judging by the types of text quoted, I cannot believe that they did not have a genuine manuscript available to them, which is currently available. This would include such things as Narada-pancharatra, the current text of which does not include much of what the Goswamis found in their edition.

On the other hand, some enthusiastic authors like Dhyana Chandra took advantage of the fluid nature of certain texts to ascribe materials to them that did not exist. My feeling of this is a slight sadness--why did he feel it was necessary? Would it really have hurt the cause if he openly admitted that either he or an associate was the composer of these mantras? But that is my viewpoint. There were many who felt and there are many who still feel that some kind of scriptural imprimatur is necessary to support any innovation.


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Madhava
Posted: Dec 22 2003, 04:42 AM
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QUOTE (Jagat @ Dec 22 2003, 04:27 AM)
On the other hand, some enthusiastic authors like Dhyana Chandra took advantage of the fluid nature of certain texts to ascribe materials to them that did not exist. My feeling of this is a slight sadness--why did he feel it was necessary? Would it really have hurt the cause if he openly admitted that either he or an associate was the composer of these mantras? But that is my viewpoint. There were many who felt and there are many who still feel that some kind of scriptural imprimatur is necessary to support any innovation.

For all we know, Kisori-tantra may have been composed by the sadhu next door from Gambhira who kept one copy for himself and handed the other one to Dhyanacandra to check it out.

After all, Dhyanacandra didn't make any claims on the origin of the texts, did he? He just cited them. biggrin.gif


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sadhaka108
Posted: Dec 22 2003, 06:48 PM
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Here is something that I found in a simple google search about siva agama

http://www.sivaagama.com/english/eagamas.html


also found this at http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/scriptures.htm

QUOTE

64 Tantras or Agamas: Tantra literature is spoken by Lord Siva to Devi. It has three divisions called Agama, Yamala and Tantra. It is also divided according to the worshipable deity and there are three division called saiva, vaisnava and sakta.

Tantras are similar to the Vedic smrti sastras insofar as mantra, yantra and tantra are concerned (mantra = the sounds used in executing the duties; yantra = the paraphernalia needed for the duties; tantra = the method of executing the duties. These comprise the essence of duties, so in this the vaidika and tantrika systems are the same. The main difference between vaidika and tantrika sastras is in structure; vaidika sastras deal with gotra (family) whereas the tantrika sastras are open for one initiated into them by a guru.

Maha-sidhi-sarasvata-tantra lists the following 64 tantras:

1) Siddhisvara, 2) Mahatantra, 3) Kalitantra, 4) Kularnava, 5) Jnanarnava, 6) Nila, 7) Fetakare, 8) Devi-agama, 9) Uttara, 10) Sri-krama, 11) Siddhi-yamala, 12) Matsya-sukta, 13) Siddha-sara, 14) Siddhi-sarasvata, 15) Varahi, 16) Yogini, 17) Ganesa-vimarsini, 18) Nitya, 19) Sivagama, 20) Camunda, 21) Mundamata, 22) Hamsamahesvara, 23) Niruttara, 24) Kula-prakasaka, 25) Kalpa, 26) Gandharvaka, 27) Kriyasara, 28) Nibandha, 29) Svatantra, 30) Sammohana, 31) Lalita, 32) Radha, 33) Malini, 34) Rudra-yamala, 35) Brhat-srikrama, 36) Gavaksa, 37) Sukumudini, 38) Visuddhesvara, 39) Malinivijaya, 40) Samayacara, 41) Bhairavi, 42) Yogini-hrdaya, 43) Bhairava, 44) Sanat Kumara, 45) Yoni, 46) Tantrantra 47) Nava-ratnesvara, 48) Kula-cudamani, 49) Kamadhenu, 50) Kumari, 51) Bhuta-damara, 52) Malini-vijaya, 53) Brahma-yamala, 54) Bhava-cudamani, 55) Visva-sara, 56) Mahatantra, 57) Mahakata, 58) Kulamrta, 59) Kuloddisa, 60) Kunjika, 61) Cintamani, 62) Yamala, 63) Tantra-devaprakasa, 64) Kama

Pancaratra Agamas:

There are three main agamic schools - the Saiva, Sakta and Vaisnava - and each has their own Pancaratras. Among the Vaisnavas the followers of Sri-sampradaya (Sri Vaisnavas) draw a lot from the agamas. All of these agamas comprise four topics in general:

Jnana or knowledge; kriya (service such as construction of temples, installation of deities); carya or conduct (such as the observance of daily rites, festivals); and yoga or devotion, or attention.

The common feature of all agamas is:

(a) They accept the existence of a supreme being with a predominant male or female aspect.
(b) The existence of undivided souls.
© The reality of the objective universe.
(d) Devotion is the only means of emancipation.

Pancaratra is especially applicable in the Kali-yuga. It is as good as Veda, because it was spoken by the Lord Himself to Brahma when Brahma inquired how the Lord should be worshiped.

The name "Pancaratra" has different explanations. It is said that Lord Visnu spoke these instructions through five nights (panca ratri) of Brahma; that's where the name comes from. Alternatively, it is said that the Pancaratra makes the five processes dark: these five processes referred to are differently listed in different Pancaratriki scriptures, but they are things like karma, jnana, astanga-yoga, sankhya, and so on. Ahirbudhnya-samhita says that Pancaratra has it name because it deals with five-fold manifestation of Lord Vasudeva - Para, Vyuha, Vibhava, Arca and Antaryami. And Bhaktivinoda Thakura says in Navadvipa Mahatmya, ch. 13: "The five rsis (Sandilya, Upagayana, Maunjayana, Kausika, and Bharadvaja) were previously each instructed for one day and night (panca-ratra, "five nights") by Lord Narayana. Headed by Narada Muni they wrote the Pancaratra here (in Vidyanagara) to teach the people about practical devotional service." According to Narada Pancaratra the word Pancaratra means five types of knowledge.

There are 59 types of Pancaratras:

1) Agastya-samhita, 2) Aniruddha, 3) Ahirbudhnya, 4) Isvara, 5) Kapinjala, 6) Kasyapa, 7) Jayakhya, 8) Narada, 9) Pancaratra, 10) Naradiya, 11) Parama, 12) Parama Purusa, 13) Parasara 14) Padma-samhita, 15) Padma-tantra, 16) Paramesvara, 17) Purusottama, 18) Pauskara, 19) Brhad Brahma, 20) Bharadvaja, 21) Markandeya, 22) Laksmi-tantra, 23) Visvamitra, 24) Visnu, 25) Visnutilaka, 26) Visvaksena, 27) Sandilya, 28) Seva, 29) Sri Prasna, 30) Sanat Kumara, 31) Satvata, 32) Hayasirsa, 33) Trailokyamohana, 34) Vaibhava, 35) Prahrada, 36) Garga-galava, 37) Sandilya, 38) Satyokta, 39) Vasistha, 40) Savanakara, 41) Narayaniya, 42) Jnanarnava, 43) Svayambhuva, 44) Kapila, 45) Vihagendara, 46) Atreya, 47) Narasimhakhya, 48) Anamdakhya, 49) Aruna 50) Baudhayana, 51) Vaisnavacarita, 52) Mahatantri, 53) Bhagavata, 54) Sivohita, 55) Visnubhasita, 56) Padmodbhava, 57) Varaha, 58) Samanya, 59) Vyarokta

There are supposed to be 108 Pancaratragamas but most of them are lost.
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Madhava
Posted: Dec 22 2003, 07:53 PM
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An interesting note on Maha-samhita:

QUOTE
Mahasamhita

This is a Pancaratra work also known as the Sanatkumara Samhita. It is divided into five major sections each called a Ratra. It has been published.33 Unfortunately, all manuscripts the editors could find were mutilated, so the final Ratra called Brhaspati-Ratra is missing, as are significant parts of others as well. The colophon, which uses the name Maha Samhita, states that the text contains of the order of 10,000 verses (11,000 according to one manuscript) while the published text has of the order of 6000 verses, the rest being lost.

http://www.dvaita.org/misc/unknown/node14.html

It is documented there as a text cited by Madhva. If this is the same Sanatkumara Samhita cited in various Gaudiya texts, that becomes interesting.

Madhva seems to quote from Narayana-samhita as well in his commentary on Mundaka.

This gives an idea about their dating, at least pre-Madhva texts.


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Madhava
Posted: Dec 22 2003, 08:13 PM
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A bit more googling.

Agastya-samhita:
QUOTE
Re: When was "the Agastya Samhita" written?

I had posted this message on another list and got a response as follows:

"Hans Bakker in his AyodhyA (Egbert Forsten, Groningen, 1986, pp. 68-70)
reckons it to have been composed in 12th century (CE) Benares."

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/vediculture/message/262

Some Sri Vaishnavas say that the year of Ramanuja's birth is mentioned in this samhita.

Garuda-samhita is suggested as one of the samhitas of the Buddhist era (ca. 600 B.C. - ...):

QUOTE
Treatises compiled during Buddhist Era

Agada Tantra:-  - Sanaka Samhita
- Ushana Samhita
- Brihaspati Samhita
- Garuda Samhita

http://www.dabur.com/EN/Ayurveda/genesis/A...#Samhita%20Era:


Mr. Brzezinzki has been looking for Mrityu-sanjaya-tantra and Sammohana-tantra without much success:

QUOTE
I have been trying to track down some Pancharatra
texts without much success:

(1) Sammohana Tantra
(2) Mrityu-sanjaya Tantra
(3) Sanat-kumara-kalpa

If anyone knows of any published editions of these, I
would be appreciative of the information.

I would also like to know whether these texts can be
associated with any existing Vaishnava sampradaya.

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/INDOLOGY/message/3639

I wonder if he's had any success. Sammohana-tantra, in addition to Gaudiya sources, seems to be frequently cited in sakta-circles.

Svayambhuva Agama is a Saiva-agama, one of the 28 main texts. (Orientalia)

I couldn't find anything on Katyayana-samhita or Jabali-samhita. There is a Jabali Upanishad though, a Saiva-text. I take it that Vaisnava-tantra is a generic reference.

That more or less covers the sources of the Sandarbhas. Any further bits of information on these texts? A good majority among them do not advocate Vaishnava-siddhanta, that much is evident.


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Kalkidas
Posted: Dec 22 2003, 09:09 PM
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QUOTE (sadhaka108 @ Dec 22 2003, 06:48 PM)
Here is something that I found in a simple google search about siva agama

Here is from private letter by russian follower of kaula-tantra (he obviously cites some text in English, but doesn't name it):

QUOTE
Vaishnava Agamaas are three types, 1. Vaikhanasa and 2. Pancha Rathra. 3. Sri Sasthra. The Pancharathra accepts the mode of Vedic and Tantric worship. The Vaikhanasa accepts Vedic worship. The Vaikhanasa system is called Ekayana. The Sri Sasthra which is the scientific basis for the both agamas is not available now. To fill the gap the Pancha Ratra system is vitalized with revived parts of Sri Sastra.. Actually Ekayana or Vaikhanasa is one of the Declencions (sakhas) of the Yajur Veda compiled under the direction of Sage Vaikhanasa, and this declension is not available and the Agama for this declencion is existing in the form of Vaikhanasa Agama.

The Vaishnava Agamas uphold Lord Vishnu as the supreme brahman along with Sri or Maha Maya. Though these agamas are sudha dwaitik (pure dualistic) in the initial stages they propose the Advaithic (monoistic) philosophy in their final stages. As these agamas are for the welfare of the society they propose eloborate festival and ritual practices which are absent in the other two systems of Agamas.
 
  The Vaikhanasa mode of worship stresses that the worship of Vishnu is to be done with out expectation of results or benifits. The vaikhanasa proposes the process of Karma Sanyasa (non atachment twards acton) and Phala Sanyasa (non attachment towards result). Both Agama types stresses the importance of Gnana (knowledge), Karma (action), and Bhakthi (devotion). The sudha dwaitha (pure dualism) system of realization is adopted in the Vaishnava agamas in the initial stages.
Though all modes of worship 1. Japa (recitation) 2. Dhyana (meditation) 3. Homa (ritual worship through yagna) 4. Archana (worship with lord's names) are stressed, the Archana mode of worship is the most important for the Vaikhanasa Agamas. Vikhanasa is the sage who revived these texts and taught them to 4 of his disciples

1. Atri 2. Bhrigu 3. Kasyapa 4. Marichi

All these students contributed to the Vaishnava Agama thought, but unfortunately only a portion of their works is saved. The rest is either lost or presumed to be in safe places in Tibet, China or Nepal. .

Maharshi Atri wrote 4 texts, 1. Purva Tantra 2. Atreya Tantra 3. Vishnu Tantra 4. Uttara Tantra.
Maharshi Bhrigu wrote 13 texts containing 88, 000 Slokas.

They are : 1. Khila Tantra 2. Pura Tantra 3. Vasanadhikara 4. Chithradhikara 5. Manadhikara
6. Kriyadhikara 7. Archanadhikara 8. Yagnadhikara 9. Varnadhikara 10. Prathigruhyadhikara
11. Nirukthadhikara 12. Prakirnadhikara and 13. Khiladhikara.
Of these thirteen, 6 & 8 are available in print. 3 & 7 & 11 are available in manuscripts,
2, 4, 5 & 9 are available in fragments, and the rest are not available.
The texts written by Sage Kashyapa and Sage Marichi are not available.


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Kalkidas
Posted: Dec 22 2003, 09:47 PM
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QUOTE (Madhava @ Dec 22 2003, 04:42 AM)
For all we know, Kisori-tantra may have been composed by the sadhu next door from Gambhira who kept one copy for himself and handed the other one to Dhyanacandra to check it out.

After all, Dhyanacandra didn't make any claims on the origin of the texts, did he? He just cited them. biggrin.gif

Well, when I think of the number of sadhus, who could compose and composed different shastras... I beleive, that all of them existed, but few of them became so prominent like Brahma Samhita to survive during the centuries... tongue.gif


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tadA devamavijJAya duHkhasyAnto bhavizhyati || zve. u., 6.20 ||


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Madhava
Posted: Dec 22 2003, 11:47 PM
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QUOTE (Madhava @ Dec 16 2003, 10:02 PM)
The paddhati of Dhyanacandra Gosvamin cites the following sources for the various mantras for arcana he presents.

Gaura-mantra -- Urddhvamnaya-samhita,
Nityananda-mantra -- Brahmanda Purana,
Advaita-mantra -- Padma Purana,
Guru-gayatri -- Padma Purana,
Guru-mantra -- Brihad Brahmanda Purana,
Gopala-mantra -- Gautamiya-tantra,
Kama-gayatri -- Svayambhuvagama,
Radha-mantra -- Gauri-tantra,
Lalita-mantra -- Sammohana-tantra,
Visakha-mantra -- Brihad Gautamiya-tantra,
Citra-mantra -- Skanda Purana,
Indulekha-mantra -- Isana-samhita,
Campakalata-mantra -- Garuda Purana,
Rangadevi-mantra -- Kisori-tantra,
Tungavidya-mantra -- Kisori-tantra,
Sudevi-mantra -- Rudra-yamala,
Asta-manjari -- Kisori-tantra

If we exclude the texts cited in the Sandarbhas and in Hari-bhakti-vilasa, including Garuda, Brahmanda and Padma Puranas, we are left with the following ambiguous sources for Dhyanacandra:

Gaura-mantra -- Urddhvamnaya-samhita,
Radha-mantra -- Gauri-tantra,
Indulekha-mantra -- Isana-samhita,
Rangadevi-mantra -- Kisori-tantra,
Tungavidya-mantra -- Kisori-tantra,
Sudevi-mantra -- Rudra-yamala,
Asta-manjari -- Kisori-tantra.

Ekkehard Lorenz on Urdhvamnaya:

QUOTE
The Urdhvamnaya-tantra, also known as Urdhvamnaya-maha-tantra, differs from the Urdhvamnaya-samhita. Reference to the Urdhvamnaya-tantra is supposedly made in the Sadhana-dipika, a book by Narayana-bhatta. I could not find these references. The Urdhvamnayana-tantra is said to deal with various mantras unto Srimati Radharani, astaksara-vidhi (esoteric explanations of the Gopala-mantra) and Gopesvari-vidhana (procedure of initiation into Radha-mantra). It is said that parts of the work are scattered here and there. There doesn't seem to be a complete manuscript.

http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/tattvas1.htm

Urdhvamnaya-tantra is the text with Kripa-kataksa-stava. A verse on Mahaprabhu is sometimes cited from the text. Urdhvamnaya-tantra certainly sounds like a text where one might find a Gaura-mantra. At least Bhaktivinod does in the pramana-khanda of his Navadvipa Mahatmya (1.46). I don't know of any earlier references. Perhaps the Tantra and the Samhita have swapped places in the text of Dhyanacandra.

Gauri-tantra -- Cited in DhPad 163 and 181 on Radha-mantra. Google is silent.

Isana-samhita -- Mentioned in Nepal News: "According to the Isana Samhita, Lord Shiva manifested himself in the form of a huge Jyotirlinga, to determine who is the greatest divinity among trinity (Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma)." Rather obscure!

Rudra-yamala -- Cited in DhPad 292 for Sudevi-mantra, a rather well-known Saiva-agama.

Kisori-tantra -- Cited in DhPad for two sakhis and asta-manjaris. No information anywhere.

That really leaves us only with Gauri-tantra and Kisori-tantra for Dhyanacandra to account for.

Of course it is another matter whether the verses cited are found in any current editions; whether it be the verses in Dhyanacandra's text or in the various other Gaudiya works.


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Rasesh
Posted: Dec 27 2003, 04:31 PM
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Excuse me for jumping in here, but what about the possibility that the goswamis could access the Vedic texts through mystic congnition much in the same way that Sanjaya was able to invision the battle of Kurukshetra within his mind while setting in the palace of Dhrtarastra? After all, isn't mystical cognition the way in which Vyasadeva accessed the Vedas and divided them into four parts?
Maybe Mahaprabhu acquired the Brahma-samhita by the same manner?
Is the Gaudiya ontology bereft of any mystical element? Does everything always have to answer to the practical and the mundane?

Even I had a dream just the other night of seeing a very special book. It was bound in the most elegant and attractive manner. I have never seen a book that looked so beautiful and special.

I don't remember being able to read anything in the book, but it was shown to me and I could understand that the book was very sacred and contained special writings. I also saw a holy man dressed in white with his hands folded in pranam.
There were some other very spiritual-like dreams I had that night.
Sometimes I have bhava-like dreams where I am weeping in ecstacy.

The trouble with scholarship is that it tends to ignore the mystical aspect of life and seek to validate everyting within the realm of the external senses. However, there is a very mystical element in the Bhakti culture and indeed the chanting of the maha-mantra is a mystical meditation. Pure devotees attain all the mystic siddhis, though they never use them for personal ambitions. Somtimes the mystic siddhis can be employed in devotional service.
This might be some sort of explanation of how the master-yogins like the six-goswamis could access Vedic knowledge from the akashic plane. There is a billion verses of the Puranas on the heavenly planets. Vyasa reduced them down to an essential 400,000 verses. However, through the power of mystical cognition he could access a billion verses of the Puranas alone.

Scholars will never validate the mystical aspect if knowledge. For them everything has to be answered in terms of mundane historical records and accounts. This is ultimately a very lame approach to the supra-mundane aspect of spirituality. Actually, everything about spirituality is supra-mudane. There is very little mundanity in transcendence. It is beyond the realm of scholarship. Transcendence is the realm of the yogis, not the scholars. Therefore, Lord Krishna says in the Bhagavad-gita:
tasmad yogi bhavarjuna (6.46)
O Arjuna, in all circumstances, be a yogi.


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etadrsi tava krpa bhagavan mamapi
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