Purusottama Mahatmya

(Padma Purana)

Once upon a time, thousands of sages came together in the holy place
called Naimisaranya to perform sacrifice. To their very good fortune
the great sage Suta Goswami, who had been traveling to different
pilgrimage sites, arrived there along with his disciples. The sages
present were very enlivened to see him. They all stood up immediately
to pay their respects to the great sage, offered him a very nice
Vyasasana, and requested him with folded hands to sit down on it.

The sages of Naimisaranya said to Suta Gosvami with folded hands, "O
Suta! We humbly request you to tell us something about the wonderful
activities and pastimes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. There
are many thousands of such narrations, but we want to hear the most
perfect one, by following which we can all be delivered from this
Material Ocean and return back to Godhead.

Hearing the request made by these sages, headed by Saunaka Rsi, Suta
Gosvami began to speak, "O sages, please listen to me. I first went to
Puskara Tirtha, then after visiting thousands of other holy places, I
reached Hastinapura. There on the bank of Ganges, I saw thousands of
sages sitting together with Pariksit Maharaja. Just then the great
sage Sukadeva Gosvami appeared, and all the sages present paid him
proper respect by rising from their seats with folded hands. All the
sages unanimously offered the Vyasasana to Sukadeva Gosvami, who would
speak Krsna katha to Pariksit Maharaja.

Suta Gosvami said, "O sages, I have just come from Hastinapura where I
heard Srimad Bhagavatam from the lotus mouth of Sukadeva Gosvami. Now
I will tell you about the all-attractive activities and pastimes of
the Lord.

Once, long ago, Sri Narada Muni reached Badarika Ashram, the residence
of Sri Narayana Rsi. The river Alakananda was flowing down from His
lotus feet. Narada paid his obeisances to Narayana and prayed, "Oh
Lord of the demigods, Oh ocean of mercy! Oh master of creation, You
are all truthful, the essence of all truths. I offer my obeisances
unto You. "Oh Lord! In this material world all living entities are
busily engaged in sense gratification. They have all forgotten the
ultimate goal of life. Therefore please explain something which will
be helpful both for householders and sages in the renounced order like
me, something that will help us attain self realization and return
back to Godhead."

Hearing the sweet words of Narada, Lord Narayana smiled. He said, "O
Narada, please listen to the narrations about the supremely pious
pastimes of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Sri Krsna, for they
will diminish all sinful reaction. You already know of all the
activities of the Supreme Lord, but for the benefit of others, you are
asking Me again. So now I will tell you about the glories of the
sacred Purusottama month, which is fully potent to grant not only all
material happiness but also qualify one to return back to Godhead at
the end of life.

Narada inquired, "O Lord, I have heard the glories of all months
including Kartika, Chaitra, etc., but which month is this Purusottama
month? O ocean of mercy, please tell me all about this sacred month.

What is the way to glorify this month? What should I do in this month?
How should I take bath, give in charity, etc. What should I chant? Who
should I worship? Should I observe fasting in this month?" Please tell
me everything in detail.

Suta Gosvami said, "O sages, after hearing all these questions form
Narada, Lord Narayana began to speak from His moon-like lotus mouth,
"O Narada, I will tell you something which was previously explained by
Lord Sri Krsna to Maharaja Yudhisthira. Once Dharmaraja Yudhisthira
lost everything-his empire, his palace and even his chaste wife
Draupadi-to Duryodhana in a gambling match. At that time Draupadi was
insulted by Dusasana in front of the whole royal assembly. But when
Dusasana had tried to strip Draupadi naked, she was saved from such a
dangerous situation by Lord Sri Krsna. After this incident,
Yudhisthira Maharaja along with his brothers and wife left his kingdom
and lived in Kamyavan, Vrindavan.

Once Sri Krsna, son of Devaki, visited the Pandavas in that forest.
All the Pandavas, including Draupadi, were very happy to see their
Lord, and they forgot their painful forest life immediately. They felt
enriched with a new life just by taking Sri Krsna's darshan. They
paid their obeisances at their Lord's lotus feet. Seeing the miserable
condition of the Pandavas, Sri Krsna became very upset, and at the
same time He became very angry towards Duryodhana. It appeared as if
the Lord was going to destroy the whole universe, and so the Pandavas
became fearful and all began to pray to the Lord in a humble mood.
Listening to the humble prayers of Arjuna, the Lord composed Himself
and said, "Oh Arjuna, being very pleased with all of you Pandavas, and
being controlled by your devotion and friendship towards Me, I will
now tell you about the wonderful history of Purusottama month.

Once upon a time, by the arrangement of providence, an extra month
came to this world. Every one took this month to be most inauspicious,
and even saw it as a stool-like month. Just as one should not touch
stool, this month was also seen as untouchable. It was constantly
unprotected and blasphemed, and rejected by everyone as an improper
time for any religious and auspicious activities.

Being so rejected by all human beings, and constantly hearing only bad
words and blasphemy, the personality of this extra month became very
sad. She came to Vaikuntha to explain her sorrowful situation to the
Lord. Seeing Lord Vishnu on His simhasana, she fell down at His lotus
feet in a mood of sorrow and grief. Tears were falling profusely from
her eyes. She prayed to the Lord, "Oh ocean of mercy! I have come to
You because I am helpless. I have been rejected and blasphemed by all
people of the world. Please protect me; please show me Your mercy.
Please don't be indifferent towards me." Saying these words, the extra
month [adhik maas] continued crying in front of Lord Vishnu and sat
down before Him in a dejected mood. Seeing the humble and pitiable
position of the extra month, Lord Vishnu became very merciful towards
her. He told her, "Do not lament, I shall give you protection form all
of your miseries. Please stop crying. It is not proper to lament after
taking shelter of My lotus feet."

Being so consoled by the Lord, the extra month said, "Oh Lord, You
know my painful condition. No one is in more miserable situation in
these three worlds than I. First of all, all other months, years,
days, nights, directions etc. are being protected by You, and so they
are always moving fearlessly in their unique charming moods. But I [an
extra month] don't have any name, nor any protector, nor a husband to
give me shelter. All the demigods and human beings have rejected me
for any auspicious activities. For this reason, oh Lord, I want to die
immediately." Oh Narada, this extra month then repeatedly said, "I
want to die! I want to die! I want to die!" Then she fainted at the
feet of the Lord.

Being requested by Lord Vishnu, Garuda started fanning the extra
month. And after sometime she got up and began to speak again, "Oh
Lord of the universe, I am in need of Your shelter, please protect
me."

Lord Vishnu told the extra month, "Oh child, please don't lament, your
misery will be finished very soon. Get up and come with Me to Goloka
Vrindavana, which is even unattainable to great yogis. Goloka is the
abode of Lord Sri Krsna. Here Lord Sri Krsna is in His two handed
form, surrounded by gopis and is enjoying His eternal pastimes. The
Supreme Sri Krsna of Goloka will deliver you from all your miseries,
please come with Me." Then Lord Vishnu took Malamasa (the extra month)
to Goloka by catching her by the hand.

From a distant place Lord Vishnu and Malamasa observed the effulgence
of Goloka. This dazzling effulgence automatically forced Malamasa to
close her eyes. Therefore, keeping the extra month behind Him, Lord
Vishnu proceeded further until they reached the main gate. There the
doorkeeper paid his respects to Him.

Having reached the Supreme Abode, Lord Vishnu met Lord Sri Krsna who
was surrounded by many devoted gopis. Lord Vishnu husband of Ramadevi,
paid His obeisances to Lord Sri Krsna. Then He made the extra month
also offer her obeisances at the lotus feet of Lord Sri Krsna, even
though she was crying loudly. Immediately Sri Krsna asked, "Why is
she crying? She is in Goloka Vrindavana, why is she crying?" Hearing
these words form Lord Sri Krsna, Lord Vishnu got up from His seat
and started explaining the miserable condition of the extra month. He
begged Him to please protect his unprotected month. "There is no one
except You Lord Krsna, who can save this extra month from her
hellish condition and give her full protection." Having said these
words, Lord Vishnu remained standing in front of Lord Krsna with
folded hands.

Then Suta Gosvami continued to speak, "Oh sages! Lord Vishnu took his
seat, and Lord Krsna spoke very confidential words to Him. Listen
carefully, for I am now going to share those words with all of you.

Purusottama Sri Krsna said, "Oh Vishnu, you have done a very great
deed by bringing this extra month to Me. You will become even more
famous for performing this act. Because You have accepted this
Malamasa, I will also accept her. I shall make this poor extra month
just like Me in quality, fame opulence, realization, success, and in
giving benediction to the devotees. This month will become equally
potent to Me. I am bestowing all of My divine qualities in this abused
month. Named after Me, this month will be famous as Purusottama month
in this world.

"Oh Janardana, now that she has imbued My qualities, I Myself will
become the husband and protector of this Purusottama month. And being
equal to Me, this month will be the master of all other months. Now
this month will become worshipable by one and all. Everyone should pay
their obeisances to her, everyone should worship her. This month is
equally as powerful as Me to give any type of benediction to its
observer. The worshiper of this month will be able to burn all this
past sinful reactions to ashes, and after enjoying a blissful life in
the material realm, he will return back to Godhead.

"Oh Garudadhvaja," Lord Sri Krsna continued, "My Goloka is
unattainable to the performers of austerities, mahatmas engaged in
pious activities, to people who maintain celibacy, or to those who
fast their whole life's duration. But just by observing Purusottama
month and becoming a devotee one can easily cross over this material
ocean and return back to Godhead. Observance of this Purusottama
month is the best of all austerities. Just as a farmer produces a rich
harvest by planting seeds in nicely cultivated land, so an intelligent
man who practices devotional service towards the Supreme Lord in this
Purusottama month will enjoy a blissful life while in this world and
after leaving his body he will return back to Godhead.

"An unfortunate ignorant man, who does not perform any japa, does not
give any charity, does not pay respect to Lord Sri Krsna and His
devotees, does not behave properly to brahmanas, makes enmity with
others and who blasphemes the Purusottama month will go to hell for
an unlimited period." Lord Sri Krsna continued, "How can a person
make his life successful unless he performs devotional service in this
Purusottama month? A person who is fully engaged in sense
gratification and does not give any special importance to this sacred
month becomes the best candidate for hell. All human beings should
perform some devotional service in this Purusottama month by:

1. Worshiping Me, Sri Krsna, by chanting My holy name
2. Study of Srimad Bhagavatam and Bhagavad-gita, particularly Chapter
Fifteen, Purusottama Yoga
3. Giving in charity
4. Offering ghee diya (lamp) daily

A fortunate person who follows My instructions and observes this
Purusottama month properly, and in a faithful way worships Me will
attain fame, opulence and a good son in this very life. After enjoying
a happy life, he will return back to Goloka Dhama. By following My
instructions, everyone should worship this sacred month. I have made
it the best among all other months. Oh husband of Rama devi (Vishnu),
give up all kinds of mental speculation about this extra month. Just
take this Purusottama month with You to Your Vaikuntha abode.

After narrating this brief history of the Purusottama month, Lord Sri
Krsna glanced very mercifully upon Yudhisthira and Draupadi, and
then began speaking to Arjuna:

"Oh lion amongst men, can you now understand the reason why you
Pandavas are suffering? You did not acknowledge or honor the presence
of Purusottama month, which has just recently finished. That month
which is most dear to Vrindavan Chandra has passed, but you Pandavas
were in the forest and did not worship Purusottama month. So now you
are suffering. You have been following the ritualistic principles
given to you by Vyasadeva, but unless you worship Purusottama month
you cannot perform pure devotional service to Me."

Lord Sri Krsna continued, "Now I am going to narrate a famous
historical event concerning the previous birth of Draupadi. In her
previous birth, Draupadi was the daughter of a great Brahmana Sage
called Medhavi. Her mother died when she was a small child, and so she
was under the care of her father. Day by day, she grew to full bloom
youth. She was very beautiful, but her father was not interested in
arranging her marriage. Seeing her other girlfriends with their
husbands and young children she passed her days in a very miserable
way. In the meantime, her father passed away from this material world
while uttering the sacred name of Hari.

"This made his daughter even more miserable. Fortunately, the great
sage, Durvasa Muni, appeared in her ashram shortly after her father's
death. Seeing the great sage, the girl paid her obeisances to him and
respectfully worshiped him. She offered flowers and fruits to the
great sage. When he expressed his pleasure with her reception, she
began lamenting and crying before him. Concerned, the sage inquired
about her lamentation. The brahmana girl began to speak, "Oh great
saint Durvasa, you know everything - past, present and future. I have
no shelter in this world. I have lost all of my relatives. My parents
have passed away, and I have no elder brother. I am also unmarried,
and therefore there is no husband to protect me. Oh great sage, please
do something, please help me! Please give me some advice to relieve me
from this miserable condition." After listening to her prayer, Durvasa
began to consider the unfortunate condition of the girl, and he
decided to show mercy towards her.

Sage Durvasa began to speak, "Oh beautiful one, three months from now
the most auspicious Purusottama month will begin. This sacred month
is most dear to Lord Sri Krsna. Just by taking a holy bath in this
month a man or woman can become completely sinless. This Purusottama
month is more glorious than all other months, including Kartika month.
The glories of all other months is not even equal to one sixteenth of
the glories of Purusottama month. The merit of a person who takes a
holy bath even once in this month is equal to the merit of taking bath
in the Ganges for twelve thousand years, or the merit achieved by a
person who takes a bath in the Ganges or Godavari when Brihaspati
enters Leo. If you will take a holy bath, give in charity and chant
the holy name of Krsna during this month, all your miseries will go
away. You will attain all kinds of perfection, and all of your desires
will be fulfilled. Please follow my advice. Please do not forget to
worship the forthcoming Purusottama month very sincerely."

After speaking these words, Sage Durvasa remained silent.
Unfortunately, the young brahmani did not believe in his words; rather
she became angry and started blaspheming, "Oh great sage, you are
lying. How could this extra month, which is also called Malamasa
[stool month], be superior to other great months like Magha, Kartika
and Vaisakha? I cannot believe your words. You are trying to cheat me.
This extra month is known to be most abominable for any kind of pious
activity."

Hearing these words of the brahmana girl, Durvasa became very angry,
his whole body started burning, and his eyes became red. But
remembering the helpless condition of the girl, he consciously
controlled himself.

Sage Durvasa told the girl, "Oh unintelligent one, I am not going to
curse you because your father was a good friend of mine. You are in
such a helpless condition. Being and ignorant child, you cannot
understand the shastrik conclusion. I am not going to take your
offenses towards me seriously. But at the same time, I cannot and
should not tolerate your offenses towards Purusottama month. In your
next life you will certainly reap the results of your offensive
words." The great sage Durvasa then hurriedly left that place to
perform his service for Lord Narayana.

Lord Sri Krsna told Arjuna, "Oh sinless one, when Durvasa Muni left
that place the brahmana girl [Draupadi in her previous birth] lost all
of her opulences in a moment. Being an offender to Purusottama month,
her body began to look very ugly, and she lost all of her bodily
effulgence. She then decided to worship Lord Shiva who is known as
Ashutosh, one who is very easily pleased.

This young brahmani then began to perform great austerities to please
Lord Shiva, the husband of Parvati. She continued her austerities for
nine thousand years. In the summer season, she would sit for
meditation surrounded by fire and under the hot sun. In the winter
season, she meditated under freezing cold water. Observing her great
austerities, even the demigods became fearful. Lord Shankara then
appeared before the brahmana girl because he was pleased by her
worship and austerities. When Lord Shiva appeared before the girl in
his spiritual form, she immediately stood up rejuvenated. In the
presence of Lord Shiva all of her bodily weakness disappeared and she
again started to look beautiful. Seeing Lord Shiva in front of her,
she started to worship him in her mind, and then began to recite nice
prayers to please Him.

Being very pleased with the girl, Lord Shiva said, "Oh performer of
austerity, all good fortune to you. Now please ask some boon from me.
I am pleased with you. I shall grant whatever you want."

Hearing these words from the mouth of Lord Shiva, the girl said, "Oh
friend of the poor, if you are pleased with me then please give me a
husband." Repeatedly speaking the same words, "Give me a husband,"
five times, the girl then fell silent. Then Lord Shiva replied, "Let
it be. You have asked for a husband five times, and so you will get
five husbands."

Hearing Lord Shiva's words, the girl became very ashamed. She said,
"Oh Lord, it is most abominable for a girl to have five husbands.
Please retract your words." Lord Shiva then spoke to her very gravely,
"That is impossible for me. What you have asked from me will be
granted. You will get five husbands in your next life. Previously you
offended Purusottama month by not following the kind advice of sage
Durvasa. Oh brahmana girl, there is no difference between the body of
Durvasa and mine. All we demigods, including Lord Brahma and all the
great saints like Narada, worship this Purusottama month in accord
with the order of Lord Sri Krsna. A devotee of Purusottama month
achieves all good fortune in this life and at the end of his life he
goes back to Goloka Dham, the abode of Lord Sri Krsna. Being an
offender to this sacred Purusottama month, you will get five husbands
in your next life."

The girl become very remorseful, but Lord Shiva immediately
disappeared from the place. After Lord Shiva's departure the young
brahmani became very morose and fearful about her future life. In this
way, after few days, the girl left her body by the arrangement of
providence.

Lord Sri Krsna then said, "Oh Arjuna, in the meantime the great king
Drupada had been performing an elaborate sacrifice. From this
sacrificial fire, the young brahmani took her birth. She appeared as
the daughter of Maharaja Drupada. Oh Arjuna, the same daughter of
Medhavi Rsi has now become famous in the world as Draupadi. She is
none other than your present wife. Because she blasphemed the
Purusottama month in her previous life, she was insulted by Dusasana
in front of the whole Kuru assembly in the presence of all her Pandava
husbands. Fortunately she remembered Me [Sri Krsna] and took My
shelter. Forgiving her offenses, I protected her from that most
abominable condition and saved her from the hand of Dusasana. Oh dear
Pandava brothers, please don't forget to worship the forthcoming
Purusottama month. A person who blasphemes Purusottama month will
never attain good fortune. This Purusottama month is fully potent to
fulfill all your desires and remove all miseries. Now your fourteen
years of forest life is coming to an end. Please worship this
Purusottama month sincerely, for it will bestow all good fortune upon
you." Giving full consolation to the Pandavas in this way, Lord Sri
Krsna then left that place for Dvaraka.

After some time, when Purusottama month appeared, Maharaja
Yudhisthira reminded his younger brothers and wife Draupadi of the
words of Lord Sri Krsna. All of them followed the instructions He
had given them. They worshiped Purusottama Sri Krsna in various
ways during this sacred month. From the merit they achieved by
performing Purusottama vrata, they regained their lost kingdom, and
after enjoying a happy life they all returned back to Godhead by the
grace of Lord Sri Krsna.

An intelligent person should engage himself in hearing Krsna katha
from a pure soul. In this way, one should always meditate on Krsna
and discuss His pastimes with other devotees. He should take rest
thinking of Lord Sri Krsna within his heart. If one is a grihastha,
he should perform his household duties in a truthful and peaceful way.
He should not commit violence to others and should be merciful towards
saintly people as well as to the poor. Protection of animals, truthful
speech, mercifulness, and nonviolence are some of the important
principles a grihastha should follow.

Suta Gosvami then continued to relate this discussion between Lord
Narayana and Narada to the sages of Naimisaranya. He said, "O
brahmanas, the great sage Narada Muni became very pleased by hearing
all about Purusottama month from Lord Narayana. He paid his
obeisances again and again to Him and began to speak, "Oh this
Purusottama month is the best of all months, it is the best of all
kinds of vratas and austerities. Even if one just hears the glories of
Purusottama month faithfully, he will achieve devotional service to
the Supreme Lord Purusottama, and all of his sinful reactions will be
immediately nullified. One who performs Purusottama vrata and
worships Purusottama month properly will achieve unlimited merit and
thus attain Goloka.

Narada Muni then told Lord Narayana, "O Lord, now I am fully satisfied
and my heart and mind are completely satisfied. All glories to You!"

After so explaining these glories of Purusottama month, Srila Suta
Gosvami asked permission from the assembled sages to take their leave,
bathe in the Ganges, and perform his other regular duties. They
gratefully agreed, and he then paid them his humble obeisances and
went to the Ganges. The sages of Naimisaranya then spoke among
themselves, "Oh, this sacred Purusottama month is the most glorious,
and its history is ancient. It is so merciful that it fulfills all of
a devotee's desires just like a desire tree. How glorious is
Purusottama month!"

----

PURUSOTTAMA-MASA (Summarized from the Padma Purana)

Once, an extra month — adhika masa — appeared in addition to all the 
other twelve months. The other months, naming it “mal,” (an unclean 
thing, the opposite of nirmala) derided this month’s existence, as it 
had no purpose, no name, no qualities at all: it was simply 
adhika-masa: an extra month.

Feeling overwhelmed with sadness, the adhika-masa approached Lord 
Vishnu in Vaikuntha. She said to the Lord, “O Lord, what is my fate! I 
am an outcast, and the other months call me ‘mal!’ I have no purpose, 
no qualities — I even have no name!” Lamenting thus, the adhika-masa 
collapsed in grief, fainting at the Lord’s feet out of sadness. 
Garudaji fanned her with his feathers until she regained 
consciousness.

Garuda pleaded to Lord Vishnu on her behalf, and so, feeling pity for 
the adhika-masa, Lord Vishnu took her to Krsna in Goloka Vrindavan. 
She had to hide behind Lord Vishnu as the abode of Goloka was so 
dazzlingly effulgent. She was crying pitiably and Krsna was 
surprised to see someone so sad in Goloka. On her behalf, Vishnu 
appealed to Krsna to bestow His blessings on this adhika-masa. Such 
are the pastimes of the Supreme Lord!

Seeing her pitiable condition, Sri Krsna said, “From now on you will 
be full of all auspicious qualities. Anyone who blasphemes you will 
certainly be the best candidate for hell. Materialists who deride you 
will surely see hell. All the other months such as Magh, Vaisakh, and 
Kartika, all combined will only match 1/16th of your glories, which 
will exceed even the month of Kartika. Thus you will bear My name, 
Purusottama-masa. You will be the most auspicious of months. Anyone 
who bathes in the Ganga, worships Me, and chants My glories in this 
month will surely enjoy all happiness and prosperity in their present 
life and upon leaving their bodies will return to Me in this life.”

Purusottama-masa occurs once every three years. It is beneficial for 
all spiritual activities, and inauspicious for all material 
activities. Chanting the holy names, bathing in Ganga, offering a lamp 
to Krsna, and giving in charity are particularly beneficial in this 
month. To neglect Purusottama-masa is a great offense to Krsna. When 
the Pandavas were in exile in the forest, Krsna felt great pity for 
Draupadi’s situation, and thus revealed to Her the reason for Her 
suffering:

Once there was a young brahmana girl, Medhavi, whose mother died when 
she was very young. She grew to be very, very beautiful. Her father 
worshiped the Lord, but was so absorbed in his puja that he neglected 
to find a husband for his daughter. She watched as her childhood 
friends grew up, married, and gave birth. Soon her father died, thus 
making her chances of finding a husband almost impossible.

At this time Durvasa Muni visited her. Seeing her distress, he told 
her of the glories of Purusottama-masa and advised her to observe and 
honor it. The girl could not believe that the widely known mal masa 
was even more auspicious than Vaisakh, Magh and Kartika, and she 
neglected Durvasa Muni’s advice, even telling him he was trying to 
cheat her.Durvasa Muni, although angry, controlled himself upon 
remembering her pitiable condition. But due to her offending the 
Purusottama masa, she immediately lost her beauty and youth and became 
very ugly.

Then she started to perform severe austerities and meditation to 
please Lord Siva. In the hottest months she sat surrounded by fire 
under the blazing sun; in the coldest winter, she sat immersed in 
ice-cold rivers. Lord Siva was pleased and appeared before her. In his 
presence, she immediately regained her beautiful form and started to 
offer nice prayers. Lord Siva told her to ask for a boon. Medhavi, who 
was overwhelmed with great misery, asked for a husband, but in her 
excitement and eagerness, she begged this of Lord Siva five times.

Lord Siva said that thus she will have five husbands as she desired. 
Feeling ashamed she requested Lord Siva to take back his benediction, 
but he said it was not possible.

Thus fearful and morose about her future, within a short time she left 
her body by the will of providence. She then took birth from the yajna 
pit of Drupada Maharaja as his daughter, now famous as Draupadi.

That is why Draupadi suffered in the court of the Kauravas, for her 
offense to Purusottama-masa. But because she took shelter of Krsna, 
she was saved. Krsna told Draupadi that the Pandavas had also missed 
the observance of Purusottama-masa, and advised that they should 
observe the upcoming one.

When the time came, Maharaja Yudhisthira reminded the Pandavas and 
Draupadi about Krsna’s words, and so they observed Purusottama masa. 
As a result they enjoyed the kingdom and led a life of royal happiness 
henceforth and went back to Krsna at the end of their life.

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